Transcript Determining Number and Timing Of Substation Spare Transformers

April 30, 2003 – 7:30 AM
Presentation to IRP
James Parker - Client
MidAmerican Energy
Dr. Vijay Vittal
Faculty Advisor
Brian Anderson
EE
Brad Davis
EE
Curtis Irwin
EE
Hamed Abdelsalam
EE
Today’s Agenda
 Fuel cell basics
 Problem statement overview
 End product description
 Future work
 Project results
 Summary
2
List of Definitions
 MCFC
– Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
 PAFC
– Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
 PEMFC
– Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
 SOFC
– Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
3
Problem Statement
 Provide feasibility study to client
– Operations of fuel cells
– Market conditions
– Fuel cells vs. fossil generation
– Benefits and possible drawbacks
– Possible applications
4
General Solution Approach
Statement
 Comparison of available and anticipated
fuel cell technologies
– Types
– Operating conditions
– Strategies
 Customer demographics vs. types
 Utility issues
5
Operating Environment
 MidAmerican service territory
 Fuel cells contained in enclosures
 Near heavy industrial plants
 Within residential areas
 Commercial applications
6
Intended Users
 MidAmerican Energy
7
Intended Uses
 Informational
tool for personnel at
MidAmerican to evaluate feasibility of fuel
cells
 Get a clear picture of the current fuel cell
market
 Inform clients of potential energy
generation alternatives to fossil fuel
8
Assumptions
 Only fuel cell issues will be addressed
when discussing utility interconnection
 The client has limited knowledge of fuel
cells
 Fuel cell will be stationary
 The client will incur the cost of the fuel
cell
9
Limitations
 $100 budget
 Fuel cell
– Size
– Enclosures
– Output characteristics
10
End Product Description
 Feasibility Study
– Basic Fuel Cell Principles
– Available Technologies
– Economic Analysis
– Market Readiness
– Interconnection
11
Other Deliverables
 Application Checklist
– Residential, Commercial, Industrial
– Rural, Urban
– Peak, Off-Peak
– Voltage/Current Ratings
– Power Output
12
Present Accomplishments
 General knowledge of fuel cell types and
applications
 Providing useful material to client
 Blue ribbon on project poster
13
Approaches Considered and
one used
 Approach Considered
– Research based project
 Final product is our client’s alternative to
fossil fuel power generation
14
Project Definition Activities
 Defined
project as a two semester
feasibility study on fuel cells for electric
power generation
 Scope defined by client, advisor, and
team members
15
Research Activities
 Researched the feasibility of fuel cells
including
–
–
–
–
Types and operating conditions
Economics
Fuels
Market readiness
16
Design Activities
 Design outline
 Research, research, research
17
Implementation Activities
 Feasibility study
 Fuel cell specifics
 Current fuel cell market
 Application guidelines
18
Testing and Modification
Activities
 Product testing
– Is the final product valuable to the client?
 Multiple revisions
19
Other Significant Project
Activities
 Presented to EPRC annual meeting
20
Personal Budget
Personal Effort Budget (hours)
177.5
158.5
Hamed
Abdelsalam
Brian
Anderson
Brad Davis
Curt Irwin
173
178
21
Other recourses
 Miscellaneous binding costs
– $9

ASHRAE book ordered from library
– Purchased by library
 Learning about fuel cells
– Priceless
22
Financial Budget
Cost ($)
$100
$80
$60
$60
$40
$20
$0
Poster
23
Project Schedule
24
Project Evaluation






Phase 1:
Phase 2:
Phase 3:
Phase 4:
Phase 5:
Phase 6:
Project Description (10%) Fully met
Design Activity
(15%) Fully met
Implementation
(40%) Exceeded
Documentation
(20%) Exceeded
Testing
(10%) Fully met
Demonstration
( 5%) Exceeded
25
Commercialization
 Currently no plans for commercialization
 Similar IEEE reports authored by students
sell for around $25
– Require specific formatting (IEEE standards)
 Production costs around $5
 Possible market
– Electric utilities, IPPs, building managers, etc
26
Recommended Future Work
 Re-evaluate as another 491/492 project in
3 to 5 years
27
Lessons Learned
 Technical aspects of fuel cells
 Ability to work individually and combine
into coherent documents
 Need for clear agenda and set meeting
places & times
 Project kept team members interested
28
Risks and Risk Management
 Anticipated risks
– Loss of team member
 Risk management
– Documentation sources, information
– Be aware of group member’s research
– Communicate with group members
 Anticipated risks encountered
– None
 Unanticipated risks encountered
– None
29
Fuel Cell Operation
1.
Extracted hydrogen
enters the anode
1.
Oxygen (Air) enters
the cathode
2.
Hydrogen electrons
separate via anode
catalyst; the
electrolyte transfers
the hydrogen ions
only
http://www.fe.doe.gov/coal_power/fuelcells/fuelcells_howitworks.shtml
30
Fuel Cell Operation
3.
Electrons are
utilized in an
external circuit for
energy consumption
4.
Electrons, hydrogen
ions, and oxygen
recombine into
water
http://www.fe.doe.gov/coal_power/fuelcells/fuelcells_howitworks.shtml
31
Fuel Cells Overview
Type
Operating
Temperature
Electric Efficiency
Cogen Efficiency
PAFC
≈220C Cell Types
≈650C
Fuel
40%
80%
Other Features
Cogen (hot water)
Size Range
Cost per kW
250 kW - 1MW
Natural gas
hydrogen, landfill
gas, digester gas,
propane
$2200 -$3750
Electrolyte
phosphoric acid
Commercial Status
Some commercially
available
Fuel
Environmental
Catalyst
MCFC
Nearly zero
emissions
Platinum
SOFC
PEMFC
≈1000C
≈80C
60%
50%
50%
85%
80%
70%
Cogen (hot water, LP Cogen (hot water, LP
Cogen (80C water)
or HP steam)
or HP steam)
10 kW - 2MW
25 - 200 kW
25 - 250 kW
Natural gas,
hydrogen
$1000 -$1500
lithium-potassium
carbonate salt
Likely
commercialization
2004
Nearly zero
emissions
Nickel
Natural gas,
hydrogen, landfill
gas, fuel oil
Natural gas,
hydrogen, propane,
diesel
$1000 -$1500
N/A
solid ceramic
poly-perflourosulfonic
zirconia
acid
Likely
Some commercially
commercialization
available
2003
Nearly zero
Nearly zero
emissions
emissions
Platinum
Platinum 32
Common FC Specifications
 Expected Life
– Entire unit lasts approximately 20 years
– Fuel Cell stack lasts about 40,000 hours
– Increases based on capacity of operation
 Efficiency
– Typically between 30% and 50% (No CHP)
– Decreases based on capacity of operation
 All types can be used as CHP units
33
Utility Implications
 State of Iowa
– Fuel cells not “Renewable energy sources”
 United States Federal Government
– May be considered “Renewable
sources”
energy
 Department of Defense
– Climate Change Rebate Program
– $1000/kW
34
Current Fuel Cell Market
Manufacturer
Size
Units
Installed
Date of
Commercialization
FC Type
Ballard
250kW
0
2004
PEMFC
FuelCell
Energy
250kW
20+
Currently marketed
PEMFC
Plug Power
25kW
78
Currently marketed
PEMFC
Siemens
Westinghouse
200kW
500kW
0
250kW, 10/2003
500kW, 2005
SOFC
UTC
200kW
250+
Currently marketed
PEMFC
35
Applicable Size Range
Applicable size range for fuel cell technologies
PEMFC
No. of respodants
14
PAFC
MCFC
SOFC
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
< 5kW
5 - 100kW .1 - 1MW
1-2MW
Generating capacity
> 2MW
Source: American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
2002 publication, Fuel Cells for Building Applications
36
Utility Interconnection
Major requirements for distributed power
generation (DPG) summarized from the
IEEE Draft Standard P1547 in three
categories:
 General requirements
 Safety and protection requirements
 Power quality requirements
 Grid independent
 Grid parallel
37
Fuels
 Six types of fuel:
1. Hydrogen
2. Natural gas
3. Methanol
4. Fuel oil
5. LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
6. Coal gas
38
Fuels
 Natural Gas
– Existing
production
and transportation
infrastructure able to support use fuel cells as
generation units.
– Market ready
• Infrastructure
• Fuel cell design
39
Natural Gas Market
Iowa Natural Gas Consumption by Sector
400
Billion Cubic Feet
350
300
Residential
Commercial/Auto
Industrial
Utility
Total
250
200
150
100
50
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
Source: Natural Gas Annual, U.S. Department of Energy
40
Economic Feasibility
 Cost of electricity
 Annual savings based on hourly cost
41
DoD Application Calculators
DoD Fuel Cell - Step-by-Step Outline
DoD Fuel Cell - Interactive Guide
Application worksheet
42
Economic Considerations
 High electric to natural gas ratio
 Over sized steam reformer
For the production of hydrogen as a third benefit
 Electrical and thermal load profiles
 Natural gas rate structure
 Capacity factors above 50%
 Independent power producers: off-peak
sales
 Fuel cell production volume
 Existing infrastructure
43
Summary
Many factors need taken into consideration when
evaluating a site for fuel cell installation. By
covering the types of fuel cells, market
readiness, available fuels, and economic
considerations can we begin to understand the
variables that determine feasibility. Therefore,
only through intense data collection of electrical,
thermal, and site needs for a specific application
can a determination be made.
44
Questions?
45
Thank You!
46