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Icebreaker ~ OPVL
11/ 6 & 11/7
Origins & Rise of joseph Stalin
1924 – 1929
Overview
Stalin rose to power in what was already a single – party state
Origin and development of single party state lie in the political &
economic problems of czarist Russia, the impact of WWI, the
Bolshevik Revolution of November 1917, & the civil war 1918 – 1921
By the time Lenin dies in January 1924, Soviet Union had been in
practice a single party state for 3 years
Stalin’s rise was unexpected
Before Lenin died in 1924 rivalries emerged among communist leaders
such as Trotsky, Grigori Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev
1922 Lenin wrote a Testament outlining the strengths and weaknesses
of the main leaders…1923 added a Postscript recommending Stalin’s
dismissal
By 1929 Stalin was the sole new ruler of the party
Political & Economic Problems 1921 -1924
What happened to Russia?
Civil War broke after the October
Revolution (Bolshevik)
This is when the Provisional Gov’t
(DUMA) is overthrown
Bolsheviks
(the Red Army) vs.
The Whites
The
Bolsheviks won in 1921
Major policy disruptions that
caused problems
War Communism – takes place during the
Civil War
All industry was nationalized and strict centralized management was
introduced.
State monopoly on foreign trade was introduced.
Discipline for workers was strict, and strikers could be shot
Obligatory labor duty imposed onto "non-working classes."
Prodrazvyorstka – taking agricultural surpluses from peasants to
redistribute.
Food and most commodities were rationed and distributed in urban
centers in a centralized way.
Private enterprise became illegal.
Military-style control of railroads.
How do we summarize “war
communism”?
Ability to for the Bolsheviks to take total control
Historian Richard Pipes argued:
Bolsheviks
used excuse of war communism to
eliminate private property, commodity
production and market exchange.
The
leaders expected an immediate and large
scale increase in economic output
Kronstadt Rebellion
Took place in March 1921
Was an insurrection against War Communism
Wanted new elections of Soviets
Freedom of political prisoners
Elimination of political armies
Return of private work
Result:
60,000 soldiers attacked the rebels
Estimated that over 1,000 workers killed
Result of the Kronstadt Rising
Even though Bolsheviks won:
Vladimir
Lenin stated that Kronstadt "lit up
reality like a lightning flash".
Lenin
concluded that world revolution was not
imminent
Replaced
War Communism with his New
Economic Policy = step back towards
capitalism
New Economic Policy
Adopted
in 1921
Allowed small, privately owned firms and
traders to operate
Established an alliance with peasants
Allowed them to sell surplus to private
markets
State kept control of major industry and
foreign trade
Effect of the NEP
Left
feared a restoration of capitalism
Right argued that it was essential
Though they overlooked fight
between kulaks and nepmen
Kulak—rich peasant
Nepmen—traders who gained
money under NEP
The 1921 Ban
Revival of capitalism & shock of the Kronstadt
Rising led the congress to introduce a ban on
factions (people within the Communist Party
having inner party opposition within itself)
Lenin’s Illness
By 1922 Lenin had his first stroke
Personal rivalries emerged among the Politburo (communist party
that made decisions):
Trotsky – seemed most likely to emerge as a major leader
Zinoviev
Kamenev
Bukharin
Stalin**
1922 appointed as the General Secretary of the Communist
Party
Had power to appoint and dismiss party officials
Dec. 1922 Zinoviev, Kamenev, & Stalin form a triumvirate
(alliance) to prevent Trotsky from obtaining majority
support
Dec. 1922 Lenin’s Political Testament
Became concerned about the personal and political tensions
Outlined the strengths and weaknesses of the Communist
Party
Urged Trotsky to form a ‘Joint Bloc for Democracy’ vs. the
growing sings of a bureaucracy in the party and the state
Lenin urged Trotsky to launch a campaign against
bureaucracy from the restoration of party and soviet
democracy
Jan. 1923, concerned about Stalin’s power, he added a
Postscript recommending Stalin’s removal
What were the key stages of the power
struggle
Stage 1: Early Moves against Trotsky, 1923 – 1924
April 1923 12th Congress meeting mentioned Lenin & Trotsky but
hardly mentioned Stalin = Stalin not important
Lenin absent from meetings due to illness = Stalin replaces Trotsky’s
supporters in a new enlarged Central Committee (Communist Party’s
ruling body between Congress)
As General Secretary Stalin replaces Trotsky’s supporters with those
who were loyal to him
Trotsky was absent at Lenin’s funeral saying that Stalin had told him
the wrong date
Stalin raises suspicions about Trotsky’s absence and loyalty
What were the key stages of the power
struggle
Stage 2: Defeat of the Left Opposition,1924 – 1927
Stalin continued to dismiss oppositionist from responsibility
Position was threatened when in May 1924 Lenin’s widow revealed his Testament to
the Central Committee & Congress delegates
Stalin is saved by Zinoviev and Kamenev = they persuaded them not to publish the
Testament
January 1925 the triumvirs removed Trotsky from his position of commissar of war
Triumvirate would split in 1925 about disagreements over the New Economic Policy
Trotsky, Zinoviev, and Kamenev would form the United Opposition = against Stalin
Stalin was able to ban them from meetings and dismiss their supporters
Accused them of breaking the 1921 ban on factions
Stalin rids the United Opposition
By Nov. 1927 Stalin was successful in removing Trotsky and Zinoviev
expelled from the Communist Party & Kamenev expelled from the
Central Committee
Stalin rises through the ranks of politics through ruthlessness and
cunning
He played his opponents against one another and he used his poor
background to appeal to the people
Zinoviev & Kamenev abandon The United Opposition in fear of the
communist party splitting (Lenin’s biggest fear)
Trotsky is deported…Others are positioned elsewhere in the Soviet
Union to prevent them from communicating
Political Cartoon Assignment
Create a Political Cartoon
Lenin,
Stalin, Command Economy,
Feudal Life Under Nicholas II,
Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie, etc.
Include
the following
TITLE
3
2
MESSAGES WITHIN CARTOON
SENTENCE DESCRIPTION OF
CARTOON @ BOTTOM OF PAGE OR
ON BACK OF PAPER
Exit Card
1)
Who were the two armies who fought in the Russian Civil
War called? Who did the US support?
2)
What did Lenin’s Testament state?
3) Who was Stalin’s biggest opponent when trying to assume
leadership of Russia after Lenin’s death?