Transcript The Reformation
The Reformation
Why the Reformation?
Renaissance Popes- too concerned with worldly affairs
Church abuses:
excessive lifestyle
clergy and nepotism (Leo and Medici)
illiteracy and uneducated
Alex VI- 5 kids before Papacy
People expected higher standards
strict standards
Dissent not Crushed
Laity more knowledgeable
Postal service, printing press spread information
Literacy increased
Rome lost control over church offices
City, regional govt. growing
Protestants
“protesters”
Religious thinkers who challenged the authority of the Catholic Church
Began the Reformation movement to reform the Church
John Wycliffe, John Huss- early reformers who believed church worldly and corrupt
John Wycliffe
Savonarola
1490 Italian friar- preached reform
Controlled Florence 1494-1498
1497 Urged people to burn vanities
1498 Overthrown & executed
**religious passions turned to revolution
Printing Press
1450’s invented by Johann Gutenberg
Bible was the first book printed
Effects:
Bookmaking cheaper- literacy widespread
Bookmaking faster- more published (vernacular)
Scholars had better access to one another’s works (from past to present)
Johannes Gutenberg
Desiderius Erasmus
Catholic priest from Holland
Believed church was greedy, corrupt, narrow-minded
Translated New Testament to Latin
Wrote The Praise of Folly (1509)-
Satire that criticized scholars, clergy, etc. for narrow-mindedness
Erasmus
By Holbein
Discontent Spreads
German Grievances:
Resented Italian control of church
Disliked heavy church taxes
German Desires:
Clergy poor but religious
Clergy prepare souls for heaven
Sale of Indulgences
Indulgences= Church pardons
Sold for profit (fundraising)
Took the place of good works for forgiveness of sin
People believed they were guaranteed entrance into heaven
Began as reward for service in the Crusades
Martin Luther
Leader of protest against the Church
German monk
Challenged Church to debate in
95 Theses
Oct. 31, 1517 nailed to the Church in Wittenberg
Tetzel- selling indulgences to rebuild St. Peter’s in Rome
Luther’s Beliefs
Salvation by faith alone
not by good works
Bible as only authority in Christian life
Priesthood of all believers
Only 2 sacraments
Baptism and Eucharist
No celibacy for clergy
Martin Luther
Luther’s Fate
1521 Luther was excommunicated
Ordered to give up his beliefs
Luther burned order
Luther called to Imperial Assembly in Worms by the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V
Luther declared outlaw and heretic
Luther goes into hiding in Germany (Frederick of Saxony) where he translates the Bible
Luther Gains Followers
Reasons: (political and religious)
People liked idea of reading the Bible for themselves
People supported attacks on Church
German princes hoped to gain Church land
German princes wanted to show independence from Holy Roman Emperor
Peasants wanted reform and lower Church taxes (wanted Luther’s support in revolting against princes)
Religious Wars
German Peasant Revolts
German Princes back Luther
1530 Augsburg Confession
Written statement of beliefs seen as act of rebellion against Church and Holy Roman Emperor
Leads to War
1555 Peace of Augsburg
Ferdinand of Austria
German princes decide religion of their kingdoms
N. Germany becomes Protestant
Response to Protests
Pope uses religious measures
HRE Charles V uses military measures
Turns on Protestant German princes
Protestant German Princes- form Schmalkaldic League as defensive group
Had taken land from Church
Charles had no help from Catholic princes
Response to Protests
1530 Charles V orders all princes to imperial Diet in Augsburg
People must revert back to Catholicism
Church will get land back
1555 Peace of Augsburg- (German princes) he he owns lands determines religion
Lutheranism, Catholicism
Calvinism other forms of Prot. outlawed
Response to Protests
Charles was not happy with peace
Wanted unity, not division
Attached to Middle Age ideas (feudalism, chivalry, Church)
Crown given up to Philip II and Ferdinand
Peasant Revolts
Follow Luther’s changes
Take away prince’s power
Issues: laws, customs, taxes
Goals: political & economic rights, release from serfdom
Luther’s Response
Sympathized but NO support
Not social revolutionary
“Un-Christian”
Supported princes right to crush
“Render to unto Caesar what is Caesars”- Luther did not support the revolt
Other Reformers
Zwingli
Led Swiss Reformation
End celibacy, clergy had right to marry
Believe only what has Scriptural proof
Tradition and practices questioned
transubstantiation
purgatory
some sacraments
Calvinism
1536 John Calvin, a French religious scholar, joined reformers in Geneva, Switzerland and developed Protestant belief system called Calvinism
Huguenots- French Calvinists
John Calvin
Calvin’s teachings
Bible is the supreme authority in matters of faith
Men & women sinful by nature
Predestination- belief certain people are chosen by God for salvation, the “elect”
Only way to enter heaven
Hard work, devotion might be signs of God’s grace
Salvation can not be earned
Calvinism in practice
Geneva was a holy city
Role of government: Theocracy
Supervise people’s lives- live strictly and solemnly
Those who challenged teachings were persecuted or exiled
Missionaries used
Huguenots= French Calvinists
Economic Development of the Dutch
United Province of Netherlands
Republic
Governors elected for each province whose power depended on merchants, landowners
States General- delegates from 7 provinces
Dutch lead Development of Capitalism
Capital invested in business ventures
Goal: pay costs and make profit to reinvest
Chance for profit- economy boomed 1660’s
Money not spent on luxury (led strict lifestyle)
Dutch Trade
Bought surplus grain in Poland
Sold in S. Europe after poor harvest
Scandinavian lumber sold in Europe
10,000 ships by 1600
Shipped for other countries
Trade not war ships
Banking System
Dutch replaced Italians as bankers of Europe
Atlantic trade replaced Mediterranean trade
Other countries/princes turned to Dutch for money
Dutch earned interest
Dutch East Indies Co. 1602 Spices most prized items from Asia
Competitor = Portugal
Firm amassed fleet superior to Portugal
Profit reinvested in more trading ventures
Any Dutch citizen could by shares
Other nations soon followed (France, Britain)
Commercial Revolution-organized trade
Beginning of Capitalism
Max Weber
1864 - 1920
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Puritanism- doctrines gave rational character to capitalism
Wealth & success- ensure among elect
Rationalism- major development in human history
John Knox
Scottish Protestant
Brought Calvin’s ideas to Scotland
Laid foundations for Presbyterian Church
Presbyters (elders)- laymen who governed community church
Predestination
John Knox
Anabaptists
Greek “to rebaptize”
Radical Protestant group
Ancestors of Amish & Mennonites
NO infant baptism
Human freedom reflected in adult baptism
Beliefs of Protestants
Bible provided all guidance
People should read Bible to find path to faith
People shouldn’t rely on Pope for interpretation of Bible
Changes needed in Church services
Clergy should be allowed to marry
Women in Reformation
Nobility protected Protestants
Marguerite of Navarre in France passed on beliefs (Henry IV)
Educated wrote-religious issues
Margaret More & Catherine Parr
Protestantism interests in middle class
Vernacular & nationalism-anti-Rome
Only influence early not organized later stages
English Reformation
English Protestantism
Earliest demands for reform were in England
Reform connected with struggle for political power
Henry VIII
Act of Supremacy 1534
Henry VIII
Henry VIII
(Tudor 1509-1547)
1527 wanted to divorce Catherine
of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn
Problem: Catholic Church did not
allow divorce, Pope Clement VII
refused to annul marriage
Result: Henry took steps to remove England from Pope’s authority
appointed Archbishop of Canterbury who annulled marriage
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Pope Clement VII
Thomas Cranmer The Archbishop of Canterbury
Why Refuse the Divorce?
Pope Clement prisoner of Charles V
Catherine was Charles V’s aunt
Henry VIII…
Devout Catholic when young
Detested Luther
“A great limb of the Devil”
Pope called him “Defender of the Faith”
Politics would change religious views
The Break…
Catherine of Aragon (brother’s wife) only had a daughter (5 children had died)
Henry wanted annulment
Fear: repeat of War of Roses if no heir
Result: wanted to marry Anne Boleyn but Church said no
Pope refused favor: Pope Clement VII had been taken prisoner by HRE Charles V (Catherine’s nephew)
Around the Pope…
Ask Parliament to pass law taking away Pope’s power in England
Reformation Parliament- met only when King called
1533 King married Anne (Elizabeth)
1534 Act of Supremacy makes King head of the Church of England
King collected Church moneys
Clergy appointed by king
King and Parliament gain power
The Results…
Sir Thomas More refuses to accept Act of Supremacy
“I honor my King but I honor my God more”
More is beheaded
Henry closes monasteries, confiscates land (1/3 of land in England)
Catholics are prosecuted
Land is sold to nobles
Sir Thomas More
Protestant Reformation
Grew as return to Catholicism would take nobles land away
Henry remained Catholic insisted on no changes in rituals and doctrines (celibacy, ornaments)
Henry’s Wives…
Catherine of
Anne of Cleaves Aragon
Mary I (Catholic)
Lutheran (alliances)
Divorced quickly
Anne Boleyn beheaded
Elizabeth (Protestant)
Catherine Howard beheaded
Catherine Parr
Jane Seymour
Outlives him
Edward VI (Protestant)
The Heirs…
Edward VI- dies shortly after coronation
Mary I (had been cloistered= bitter)
Wife of Philip II
King of Spain/ Queen of England children become rulers of both
Bloody Mary executes 300 for heresy
Pope put back, undo reforms
Problem- people did not want to return to Catholicism
The Heirs…
Mary kind to Elizabeth (not recognized by Church)
Thought pregnant (heir) but dies of tumor
Elizabeth becomes Queen
England believes in direct lineage to throne: Catholics committed themselves to this when they insisted Mary become queen
Mary Queen of Scots
Edward VI
Henry’s successor who had been taught by Protestants
Establishes Protestant Church in England
Edward’s successor was to be
Persecuted Protestants who refused to become Catholic again
Protestantism, is excommunicated
Edward VI
Bloody Mary
Elizabeth I
Pope Pius V
Counter-Reformation
Catholic Church began to reform and take action to spread Catholicism
Council of Trent, 1545-1563, convened by Pope Paul III, held in Italy
Inquisition
Pope Paul III
Council of Trent
Continued beliefs:
Only Church could explain Bible
Faith and good works needed for salvation
Pope highest and final authority
Council of Trent
Reforms to correct abuses:
Sale of indulgences banned
Tightened discipline for clergy
Only worthy people enter clergy
Seminaries established to train clergy
Encouraged reform of monasteries and convents
Jesuits
Society of Jesus
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540
Duties:
Keep Catholics in Church
Persuade Protestants to return
Win converts
Ignatius of Loyola
Ignatius of Loyola with Pope Paul III
Effects of Reformation
Religious unity of Europe gone
State strengthened at expense of Church
Spread of education
Jesuits and reading of Bible
Middle-class strengthened as work ethic virtue spread