Transcript Chapter 11

CHAPTER 11
The Crisis of the Later Middle Ages
MUST KNOWS!!!
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800 – Charlemagne is Crowned at Aix-La-Chapelle
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1054 – The Great Schism
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VS
LAST successful invasion of England by continental army, dramatically changes English
culture, language, politics, and diplomacy
1096-1099 – The First Crusade
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Split between the eastern and western halves of Christianity
1066 – Norman Conquest of England
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Pope Leo III crowns Charles “Emperor of the Romans” uniting present day Germany,
France and Italy
Europe’s arguably first collective effort since the collapse of Roman Empire
1215 – King John signs the Magna Carta
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Beginning of “consultative government” – First time a monarch agrees to share power
with his nobles, establishing meetings that would become Parliament
EUROPE IN
THE YEAR
1300 AD
(14TH CENT.)
EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES HISTORICAL
CONTEXT IN 8 CONCISE THEMES
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Political/Diplomatic
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Monarchy is the only form of government present on the continent. In
nearly all cases highly influenced or directly controlled by the Church
Europe is highly divided. Few large organized kingdoms, patchwork of
smaller monarchical entities, usually blood relations ensured allegiance
Intellectual/Cultural
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Higher learning is controlled by Church. Latin is the language of the
learned few. All philosophy takes place within the confines of ecclesiastic
thought.
The masses speak vernacular languages, the vast majority of population
is illiterate. Culture is transmitted through word of mouth
MIDDLE AGES HISTORICAL CONTEXT
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Social/Economic
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Society centers itself around agricultural
production. Majority of population involved in
growing of food.
Feudalism comes to define the social and
economic order where peasants are the base of
the social pyramid
Artistic/Religious
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Art only seeks to exalt the holy. Controlled also by
the Church
Most of European Continent follows the Roman
Catholic Faith as administered and controlled by
the Popes in Rome, Italy.
THE GREAT FAMINE
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From the Apocalypse in
a Biblia Pauperum illuminated
at Erfurt around the time of
the Great Famine of 1315–
1317.
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Death "(Mors") sits astride a
lion whose long tail ends in a
ball of flame (Hell). Famine
("Fames") points to her hungry
mouth
THE GREAT FAMINE
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Harvest failures over the course of the early 14th Century
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Happened mostly in Northern Europe,
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Northern France, England, the Low Countries especially in area called
Flanders (think BeNeLux), Germany, Scandinavia.
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Caused due to “Little Ice Age” that sent temperatures
plummeting across Europe
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Ineffectual governments provided little relief to the plight of
the peasants
GENESIS 41:29-32
• 29 Behold,
there come seven years of great plenty throughout
all the land of Egypt:
• 30 And
there shall arise after them seven years of famine; and
all the plenty shall be forgotten in the land of Egypt; and the
famine shall consume the land;
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the plenty shall not be known in the land by reason of
that famine following; for it shall be very grievous.
• 32 And
for that the dream was doubled unto Pharaoh twice; it
is because the thing is established by God, and God will shortly
bring it to pass.
FRENCH RULERS
Louis X
(the stubborn)
Phillip V
(the tall)
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Phillip IV (the fair)
Charles IV
(also the fair)
ENGLISH RULERS
Tries to work with
Double crossed by
Kills King
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King Edward II
Queen Isabella of France
THE BLACK
DEATH
1346-1353
IMAGES OF THE BLACK DEATH
GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO
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The Decameron is
considered his masterpiece
of Italian vernacular
literature
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Collection of short stories of
10 Florentines over ten days
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Decameron is Greek for “ten
days”
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deka-hmera
QUESTIONS TO ANSWER BASED ON
READING (TO BE TURNED IN)
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Find the passage where Boccaccio describes the symptoms of
Bubonic Plague
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1. What is the first sign of infection?
2. How does the disease progress?
3. Where were the symptoms most visible?
Later on in the passage, Boccaccio describes the changes to
customs surrounding death
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1. Describe in detail what were the common practices surrounding death
in 14th Century Europe?
How did the appearance of pestilence change this practice? What were
the changes? How did these changes in burial customs differ along class
lines?
CONSEQUENCES OF BLACK DEATH
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Social
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Economic
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Lack of workers drives up wages, food prices plummet
Cultural
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Death haunts the peasants at every turn, leads to a more austere way of
life
Europeans see black death as “divine retribution”
Religious
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Church’s best and brightest are killed by plague  leads to incompetent
survivors guiding Europe’s strongest institution
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
ENGLAND
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English kings owed their nominal
allegiance to the King of France
since William, the Duke of
Normandy conquered England in
1066 (i.e. the Norman conquest)
Edward III as Duke of Normandy
also held other French territory of
Aquitaine
Edward refuses to pledge
allegiance to new French king,
declares himself rightful King of
France as closes living relative
FRANCE
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French Capetian Dynasty died off
without male Heir after Charles IV
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Phillip the VI (the fortunate) is
crowned the first King of France of
the Valois Dynasty
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Phillip is crowned in accordance
with Salic Law
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“no woman or her son could
succeed to the [French]
monarchy”
THE
HUNDRED
YEARS’
WAR
DYNASTIC
DISPUTES
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
EARLY TIMELINE
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1329: Edward III originally pays
homage to Philip VI to retain claim
on Aquitaine
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1337: Provocations from newly
crowned Philip: confiscates English
possessions in Aquitania setting off
war
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Over time becomes French civil
war where vassals became wary
of centralizing French power
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
ECONOMIC FACTORS IN
FLANDERS
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Triangular trade develops
between the English, Flemish, and
French
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English and Flemish economies
become interdependent on
commodity of wool
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Flemish nobles supported French
crown while merchant class
supported the English claimants to
the French Throne
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
EARLY ENGLISH VICTORIES YIELD TO ULTIMATE FRENCH WIN
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1346 – Crecy - Decisive victory for
the English due to the longbow
and first use of cannon artillery in
Western Europe
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1415 – Agincourt – English
continue to rout French forces
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1419 – English have advanced to
the walls of Paris
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
JEAN D’ARC – JOAN OF ARC
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Born in 1412
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Hears voices
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Was instrumental in quashing
rumors on legitimacy of the
Dauphin
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1429 - Lifted the siege of Orleans
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Popular myth surrounding Joan
the Maid
CONSEQUENCES OF THE
100 YEARS’ WAR
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Compounded the after effects of Pestilence and famine
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Expense
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Deaths of soldiers and civilians greatly affects population growth
England and France both must raise taxes to pay for war debt
England spends over £5 million which today would be worth over
£2,733,650,000.00 according to the British National Archives
Broken Promises
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Promises of wealth go unkept and spoils of war squandered by returning
soldiers
CONSEQUENCES OF THE
100 YEARS’ WAR
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Development of representative assemblies
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Since the war proved so disastrous for English Monarchy, English nobles
push for more involvement in government
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1341 – King Edward III acquiesces to nobles: the King of
England can no longer tax without the approval of parliament
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France – does not develop a national assembly, instead has
regional assemblies
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French monarchy even weaker in the face of nobles than English
monarch
France despite having 1 king was regionally very different and lack
cultural and linguistic unity
CHURCH TERMS
AND VOCABULARY
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Bull, or Papal Bull – an official statement or
promulgation made by the Pope. Bull comes
from the Latin word for “seal” as in these
letters were stamped with the popes
personal seal.
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Excommunication – The Church declares a
person no longer in communion with the
church, limits person’s spiritual rights. Similar to
banishment. Form of shaming.
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Heretic – A person whose beliefs are strongly
in disagreement with established Church
belief and custom. Usually also meant
implications of collusion with Satan.
Papal Tiara
CHURCH HIERARCHY
Last Papal
Coronation 1963
College of Cardinals
THE
BABYLONIAN
CAPTIVITY
(1309-1376)
Philip IV (the fair) pressures
(bullies) Pope Clement V to
move the seat of the Catholic
Church to Avignon in southern
France
YOU!!!
GO HERE!
BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY(1309-1376)
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Named after biblical event
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Jews are evicted from holy land
and taken to Babylon
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French seek to control
Papacy
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Church is disconnected
from spiritual and historical
home: ROME
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Rome is left destitute (poor)
1377 – Pope Gregory XI
returns seat of Papacy and
Church to Rome
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Romans now demand an Italian
pope and that he stay in Rome
1378 – Pope Urban VI (an
Italian) is elected by
cardinals with intent to
reform church
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Becomes almost immediately
unpopular due to his stinging
critiques and provokations
THE WESTERN SCHISM (1378-1418)
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Pope Urban VI’s dramatic calls for change cause the college of
cardinals to elect another pope in secrecy
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Leads to overlapping claims of legitimacy and “antipopes”
PAPAL-PALOOZA!!!!
CONSEQUENCES OF SCHISM
DIVIDED EUROPE (SURPRISE SURPRISE)
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Monarchs now have a choice of which
of the many popes to support, usually
aligning themselves against their
traditional enemies
France recognizes French antipope
Clement in Avignon along with Castile,
Aragon, and Portugal
England recognizes Italian pope Urban
in Rome along with Holy Roman
Emperor
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Faith and trust in the
Catholic Church reaches
all time low
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Church leadership looses
credibility with kings,
nobles, and masses
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Opens the door to
changing government of
the churh
THE CONCILIAR MOVEMENT
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Temporal and Spiritual
Power questioned
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Defensor Pacis (The defender of
the peace) - Marsiglio of Padua
John Wycliffe – English scholar
and theologian
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Followers called “lollards”
Jan Hus in Bohemia
(modern day Czech
Republic) follows in the
tradition of Wycliffe
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Calls for a simplified church
structure
Supremacy rests on scripture
not on man
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1414-1418 Council of Constance
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Called for by HRE Sigismund
Ended Western Schism by electing
Pope Martin V
Jan Hus burned at the stake on
accusations of heresy
SOCIETY IN THE 14TH CENTURY
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Marriage
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A vehicle for socio/economic
advancement
Church forced condition of
consent
However most marriages were
arranged
Girls were married as early as 12
years old
Men married in their 20s
Prostitution is legalized is many
regions
“a socially definable group of
women who earn their living
primarily or exclusively from the
sexual commerce of their
bodies”
Craft Guilds
• Skilled workers in urban
areas band together
• Able to control access
to lucrative jobs with
high entrance fees
• Standardized training
yields superior products
• Enforced monopoly on
its product
SOCIETY IN THE 14TH CENTURY
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“Fur Collar” Crime
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Nobles resort to crime to raise
money after wars
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Peasant Revolts
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Massive French peasant uprising
1381 Revolt in England
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Lasted over 5 years
Mostly over taxation
1358 Jacquerie in France
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Erupt in Flanders in 1320s
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Combination of taxes, plague and
war weariness
Revolts are crushed, underlying
causes are not resolved
Race and Ethnicity
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War and plague cause
migration
Slavs and Germanic and
Latins live side by side
Notions of racial purity
Beginnings of racial minorities
Vernacular Literature
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Dante’s Divine Comedy
Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales