Transcript Photometric Survey of Binary Near

Trends in characteristics of
small NEA and MBA binaries
Petr Pravec
Astronomical Institute AS CR, Czech Republic
Workshop on Binaries in the Solar System
Steamboat Springs, CO, 2007 August 20-23
Binary systems among small asteroids
Abundant binary population (15 ± 4% for NEAs, Pravec et al. 2006) observed among
asteroids with D ≤ 10 km everywhere we have looked thoroughly enough.
•
NEA binaries – photometry since 1997 (Pravec et al. , ....) and radar since 2000
(Margot et al., Ostro et al., Benner et al., ....).
• Small close MBA binaries – photometry since 2002 (Ryan et al., Warner et al.,
Pravec et al., ....); Porb < 5 days, a/D1 < 10; detection probability
nearly zero for wider systems.
• Small wide MBA binaries – AO/HST since 2002 (Merline et al., Tamblyn et al.);
Porb > 10 days, a/D1 > 15; lower detection limit at ang. sep. ~0.2” for
typical size (brightness) ratio between components.
Binary asteroid photometric surveys
Photometric surveys have produced nearly half of NEA binaries, and most small MB binaries.
NEA binary survey (1994-2004) and the BinAstPhotSurvey (since 2004):
Pravec et al., Pray et al., Warner et al., Higgins et al., Reddy et al., Cooney et al., Kusnirak et
al., Jakubik et al., Gajdos et al.
Additional surveys:
Ryan et al., Behrend et al., Krugly et al., Kryszczynska et al.
Now we have data on periods -rotation and orbital- plus additional information (H, rough shape
information, taxonomy) for 52 small binary systems, major part of them from photometric
measurements.
Data published in Pravec and Harris,
Icarus, 190 (2007) 250-253. Available
on-line on URL given in the paper.
Photometric binary detection
Full (regular) binary detection – mutual events (occultations/eclipses) detected and
a solution for Porb , P1 , (P2), and D2/D1 obtained (plus additional information, e.g., H,
rough estimates of equatorial elongations).
Any other case (without mutual events solved) is NOT a regular binary detection.
Probable (but not full) binary detection – two additive rotational components detected;
we can assume that they belong to primary and secondary, but without events seen, we
cannot tell much on parameters of the system.
Binary non-detection – lightcurve fitted with a single period.
NEA + small close MBA binaries
Similarities:
1.
Total angular momentum close to critical.
2.
Size ratio distribution (D2/ D1 < 0.5 mostly).
3.
Primaries have low equatorial elongations.
4.
Secondaries mostly synchronous and having a broader distribution
of eq. elongations.
Differences:
1.
NEA binaries concentrate at D1 < 2 km, while MBA binaries are
abundant up to ~10 km.
2.
MBA binaries have a broader distribution of periods; NEA binaries
are less evolved, or wider systems among them have been
eliminated.
NEA/MBA binary similarities:
1. Angular momentum content
αL = Ltot/Lcritsph
where Ltot is a total angular momentum
of the system, Lcritsph is angular
momentum of an equivalent (i.e.,
the same total mass and volume),
critically spinning sphere.
Binaries with D1 ≤ 10 km have αL
between 0.9 and 1.3, as expected
for systems originating from
critically spinning rubble piles, if no
large amount of angular momentum
was added or removed since
formation of the system.
(Pravec and Harris 2007)
NEA/MBA binary similarities:
2. Size ratio
NEA/MBA binary similarities:
3. Primary component shapes
Model of the primary of 1999 KW4 (Ostro et al. 2006)
Primaries of asynchronous binaries have low
equatorial elongations both among NEAs
and small MBAs.
NEA/MBA binary similarities:
4. Secondaries
Broader range of equatorial
elongations: a/b= 1:1 to 2:1.
Mostly synchronous, but some
not. Resolved rotation
periods of non-synchronous
secondaries are in the range
4–18 h.
NEA/MBA binary differences:
1. Size limit for NEAs
Sisyphus with D ~ 9 km,
if indeed binary, should
have size ratio <0.1,
if the apparent limit on
secondary sizes applies.
NEA/MBA binary differences:
2. Period distribution
NEAs:
MBAs:
NEA primaries concentrate in the pile up at f
around 9-10 d-1 (P of 2-3 h) in front of the spin barrier.
MBA primaries have a considerably broader
distribution of spin rates, with a lower concentration at
fast spin rates and a more pronounced tail (correlated
with D).
MBA binaries may be more evolved than NEA
binaries, if all have formed near the spin barrier.
NEA + small close MBA binaries
Similarities:
1.
Total angular momentum close to critical – suggests binary formation from
single bodies at the spin barrier, but no prominent change of angular
momentum after formation; is YORP significantly limited after binary formation?
2.
Size ratio distribution (D2/ D1 < 0.5 mostly).
3.
Primaries have low equatorial elongations – is it a product of formation, or a
condition for long term stability of a close asynchronous binary with relatively
large secondary?
4.
Secondaries mostly synchronous and having a broader distribution of eq.
elongations – a relatively rapid synchronization mechanism required; classical
tides are not fast enough if NEA binaries are young.
Differences:
1.
NEA binaries concentrate at D1 < 2 km, while MBA binaries are abundant up to
~10 km – explained if NEA binaries have short lifetimes (1-2 Myr, limited by
disruptions during close approaches to Earth and Venus, Walsh and
Richardson 2006); binary MBAs transferred to near-Earth orbits don’t survive
long, and only smaller NEAs have short enough YORP spin up time scales wrt
lifetime of NEAs (~10 Myr, Gladman et al. 2000).
2.
MBA binaries have a broader distribution of periods; NEA binaries are less
evolved, or wider systems among them have been eliminated - is it a result of
“shaping” the NEA binary population with close approaches to terrestrial
planets (strong dependence of lifetime of NEA binaries on relative separation),
or are longer living MBA binaries more evolved?
Intermediate MB binaries
1717 Arlon:
D1 ~ 9 km, D2/D1 ≥ 0.5,
Porb = 117 h,
P1 = 5.148 h,
P2 = 18.23 h,
αL ~ 1.8 (unc. factor 1.25)
(Cooney et al. 2006)
4951 Iwamoto:
D1 = 4 km (assuming
pV = 0.20 ± 0.07 for
its S type classification),
D2/D1 = 0.88 ± 0.1,
P1 = P2 = Porb = 118 h,
αL = 2.25 (±10%)
(Reddy et al. 2007)
Conclusions
NEA and small close MBA binaries are suggested to belong to the
same population formed by a mechanism causing fission of
critically spinning asteroids at the spin barrier.
Differences between the NEA and small close MBA binaries are
consistent with the NEA binary population being controlled by
close approaches to Earth and Venus.
Binaries with intermediate separations (1998 ST27, 1717 Arlon,
4951 Iwamoto) show distinct characteristics, they may be
“excited” systems originated in the population of NEA/small
close MBA binaries, but excitation mechanism unknown.
Systems with Porb = 5-10 d are effectively undetectable with
current techniques.
Thank you.
(Additional slides for possible discussion follow)
Time scales for small binaries
Lifetimes of asteroids:
NEA: ~10 Myr (Gladman et al. 2000)
MBA: ~300 Myr (1-km asteroid)
YORP spin up time scale:
NEA: ~1*D2 [*Myr/km2] -> ~1 Myr (1-km asteroid)
MBA: ~3*D2 [*Myr/km2] -> ~30 Myr (3-km asteroid)
Lifetime of NEA binary: 1-2 Myr (limited by disruptions during close approaches to Earth and Venus;
Walsh and Richardson 2006)
Lifetime of MB binary: ~300 Myr (= lifetime of an MBA of size of the secondary, if it is controlled by
asteroidal collisions in the main belt).
• The estimated short lifetime of NEA binaries suggests that few MB binaries survived since transfer to NEA
orbits; most NEA binaries may have formed after transfer to near-Earth space. It may explain
the observation that NEA binaries concentrate at sizes <2 km (Pravec et al. 2006); larger NEAs
may not have enough time to form binaries.
• The strong dependence of lifetime of NEA binaries on relative separation of components
may be an explanation (alternative to that NEA binaries may be less evolved by a “tidal
mechanism”) for the observation that they have a narrower distribution of periods, concentrating
at faster spin rates in front of the spin barrier.
Primary rotation vs size
Photometric detection of Asynchronous Binary