Transcript Slide 1

Pig Flow
VDPAM 310
Introduction to Production Medicine
Swine Topics Lecture 1
Dr. Locke Karriker, DVM, MS
R.B. Baker, DVM, MS
Food Supply Veterinary Medicine
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal
Medicine
Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
The Evolution of Pig Farming
• Pre 1950
– Small subsistence herds < 10 sows
• 1950 to 1970
– “Mortgage lifter”
+/- 100 sows
– Outdoor continuous flow farrow to finish
– Selling or growing feeder pigs – “on dirt”
– Pigs were produced in batches in mid west
– Produced continuously in the south
Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
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Industry Structure:
Historical Perspectives
• Before 1980
– high zoonosis potential
• Interface with wildlife and other domestic species
– Low productivity/efficiency
• >8 million sows producing <100 million pigs
• < 12 pigs per sow per year
–
–
–
–
Different set of disease agents
More chronic diseases/syndromes
Higher suckling pig mortality
Little genetic improvement
• Pigs were fat
• >3.5 pounds of feed per pound of gain
• Slow growth rates
Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
Food Supply Veterinary Medicine
SOW FARM / BREEDING HERD
Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
Food Supply Veterinary Medicine
Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
Food Supply Veterinary Medicine
Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
Food Supply Veterinary Medicine
Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
Food Supply Veterinary Medicine
Historical Industry Perspectives
•
•
After the late 1970’s
Margins and Efficiencies drove the industry
– Feed costs
•
Very low – corn hybrids and productive years
– Biological potential of the pig realized
•
•
Repetitive reproductive potential
Almost amazing growth potential
– 3 to 300# in six months
– Value created per pig
•
$30/pig margins
– Disease impact was highly variable during the period
Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
Food Supply Veterinary Medicine
Historical Industry Perspectives
• Visionaries of the Day
– Producers
• Wendell Murphy, Bill Prestage, and others
– Breeding Stock
• Roy Pogue, Ken Woolley, and others
– Processors
• Joseph W. Luter III
– Wall Street Investment Bankers
– Brand Marketers
• Hormel etc.
– First Integrators
• Premium Standard Farms
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Historical Industry Perspectives
• Biosecurity Development
– Before 1980 there was little
• SPF and some genetic companies
– Derived from observation - intuition
– Types of Biosecurity
• Internal
• External
– Last 5 years more science based
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Pigs and Facilities
Fw
B&G
Sows
N
Pigs
Fn
Pigs
Market
Age Groups
•
•
•
•
Breeding and Gestation- Sows / Boars – (Adults)
Farrowing / lactationPiglets & Sows for 3 wks
NurseryPigs 7 wks
FinisherPigs 18 - 22 wks
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Food Supply Veterinary Medicine
Breeding Herd
Flow
Replacement
Gilts
60+ Days
Isolation/Acclimation
Breeding Pool
Weaned
Pool
Gilt
Pool
Recycle
Pool
Breeding
Semen
True Recycle
18-24 days
Open
Abort
Recycle
Weaned
Sow
30 day
Preg.
Check
Open
Abort
Recycle
Not in
Pig
60 day
Preg.
Check
Farrowing
Weaned Pigs / Isoweans
Replacement
Gilts
60+ Days
Isolation/Acclimation
Breeding Pool
Weaned
Pool
Gilt
Pool
Breeding
Semen
Recycle
Pool
Breeding Pool
Weaned
Pool
Gilt
Pool
Recycle
Pool
Breeding
True Recycle
18-24 days
Weaned
Sow
Open
Abort
Recycle
30 day
Preg.
Check
Open
Abort
Recycle
Not in
Pig
60 day
Preg.
Check
Farrowing
Breeding Pool
Weaned
Pool
Gilt
Pool
Recycle
Pool
Farrowing
Weaned Pigs / Isoweans
Pig flow systems
Basic concepts of pig movement
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Pig Facility Development
• 1975 to 1985
– Change to total confinement
• Improved welfare for people and pigs
– Continuous flow (high disease burden)
• 1985 to 1995
– Change to All-In, All-Out in all production stages
• Multisite production
• This design eliminated many diseases
– Barn sizes based on the slaughter haul truck
– Economies of scale and biologic efficiencies were
realized
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Variety
Different sizes and types
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British Radial Production
Single Site: Continuous Flow
Basic Pig Flow
Phase Review
PROCESS
BEGINS
SOW UNIT
BREEDING & GESTATION DEPARTMENT
PHASE 1
SOW UNIT
FARROWING DEPARTMENT
PHASE 2
NURSERY
PHASE 3
FINISHING
Basic Pig Flow
Sow Unit  Market
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M
Basic Flow
Fat Hogs
Finisher
1
Fats
220 – 290 lbs
A
R
K
E
T
Isoweans
Sow
Unit
Nursery
Weaners
8 – 15 lbs
Feeder
Pigs
35 – 75 lbs
M
A
Finishers
Finisher
2
Market
Hogs
220 – 290 lbs
R
K
E
T
Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
Food Supply Veterinary Medicine
The BIG
Picture
Sow
Unit
Isoweans
Nursery
Nursery
11
Weaners
Nursery
Nursery
22
Nursery
Nursery
33
Feeder Pigs
Finisher
Finisher
11
Finisher
Finisher
22
Finisher
Finisher
11
Market Pigs
Finisher
Finisher
22
Nursery
Nursery
44
Nursery
Nursery
55
Feeder Pigs
Finisher
Finisher
11
Finisher
Finisher
22
Finishers
Finisher
Finisher
11
Finisher
Finisher
22
Finisher
Finisher
11
Fat hogs / Fats
Finisher
Finisher
22
Production Systems
Single, Two, Three
and Four? Site Systems
Single Site
Single Site: All-in, All-out
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Two Site
(Option A)
Site 2
Site 1
Two Site
(Option B)
Site 1
Site 2
Multisite: Nursery
Three Site
Site 2
Site 1
Site 3
Three or Four Site?
Site 2
Site 1
Site 3
Site X
4?
Site
3 3’s
Two
Site
Multisite: B/G/F
Group/Cohort Origin
Single vs. Multiple Source
AGE SEGREGATED REARING
Summary
• All In – All Out production
– The most significant change in production practices over the past 100
years.
– One age group per room or building
• Limits disease spread
– Reduces and slows the horizontal transmission cycle
• Much Better at meeting the pig’s needs
– Feed optimized for each age
– Temperature optimized
– Space and water delivery optimized
– Improved vaccine efficacy
– Etc.
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Modern pig farm
• The female population is divided into ~20
by-week groups of pregnant sows/gilts
– Farrow a different group each week
– Replacements are added to each group-week
– 3 to 4 weeks lactation
– 1 week breeding
– 15 weeks gestation
– Ideal total time from wean to wean is 19 weeks
– Each female would ideally/potentially farrow
2.74 times/year
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Single Sow Sources
Nursery
Nursery
Nursery
Nursery
Four Nursery Sites
Each Site has a Single Sow Source
Multiple Sow Sources
Nursery
Nursery
Nursery
Nursery
Four Nursery Sites
One Nursery Building per Site
One Nursery Room per Building
Multiple Sow Sources
Nursery
Nursery Nursery
One Nursery Site
Three Nursery Buildings
One Nursery Room per Building
Nursery
One Nursery Site
One Nursery Building
Ten Nursery Rooms per Building
Quiz Time!
How Many Nursery Sites Have a
Single Sow Source per Site?
Nursery
Nursery
Nursery Nursery
Nursery
Nursery
Nursery
Nursery
2
How Many Nursery Buildings Have a
Single Sow Source per Building?
Nursery
Nursery
Nursery Nursery
Nursery
Nursery
Nursery
Nursery
4
How Many Nursery Rooms Have a
Single Sow Source per Room?
Nursery
Nursery
Nursery Nursery
Nursery
Nursery
Nursery
Nursery
14
Summary
• One sow unit supplies pigs to multiple nurseries
• Each nursery supplies pigs to at least two
different finishers
• Production systems can be categorized as:
– Single, two, or three site systems
– Single or Multiple sow source system
• Each system has pros and cons
• Understanding pig flow is essential in allowing you
to better address the system’s pig health options
9 Week Cycle Example
• Most larger operations (>500 sows) have
farrowings on a daily basis
– Most ship pigs either once or twice a week
• This means, there needs to be an
infrastructure (i.e. buildings) to receive
pigs every week
M
Basic Flow
Fat Hogs
Finisher
1
Fats
220 – 290 lbs
A
R
K
E
T
Isoweans
Sow
Unit
Nursery
Weaners
8 – 15 lbs
Feeder
Pigs
35 – 75 lbs
M
A
Finishers
Finisher
2
Market
Hogs
220 – 290 lbs
R
K
E
T
The BIG
Picture
Sow
Unit
Isoweans
Nursery
Nursery
11
Weaners
Nursery
Nursery
22
Nursery
Nursery
33
Feeder Pigs
Finisher
Finisher
11
Finisher
Finisher
22
Finisher
Finisher
11
Market Pigs
Finisher
Finisher
22
Nursery
Nursery
44
Nursery
Nursery
55
Feeder Pigs
Finisher
Finisher
11
Finisher
Finisher
22
Finishers
Finisher
Finisher
11
Finisher
Finisher
22
Finisher
Finisher
11
Fat hogs / Fats
Finisher
Finisher
22
Week # 1
Sow Unit
0
Nursery
Week # 2
Sow Unit
1
0
Week # 3
Sow Unit
2
1
0
Week # 4
Sow Unit
3
2
1
0
Week # 5
Sow Unit
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3
2
0
1
Week # 6
Sow Unit
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4
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0
1
2
Week # 7
Sow Unit
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Week # 8
Sow Unit
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Week # 9
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Sow Unit
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• 9 week turn means that each nursery will
receive pigs every 9 weeks
• This means that the producer who got pigs
in week 1 will receive the next group of
pigs in week 10
• Because of this, the producer must make
room in the nursery for the next group of
pigs before week 10
Week # 9.5
0
Sow Unit
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Week # 12
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Week # 13
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Week # 14
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Sow Unit
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Week # 15
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Week # 16
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Week # 23
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Week # 24
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Week # 25
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Sow Unit
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Week # 26
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Week # 27
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Week # 28
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Week # 28
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Week # 28.5
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Sow Unit
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Week # 29
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2
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0
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7
4
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0.5 9.5
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8.5
16
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Week # 29
1
Sow Unit
2
3
0
8
7
4
5
0.5 9.5
17
8.5
16
7.5
6
Week # 29.5
1
Sow Unit
2
3
0
7
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1
10
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9
17
8
6
Week # 30
2
Sow Unit
3
4
1
0
8
5
6
1.5 10
0.5 9.5
17
8.5
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Week # 30
2
Sow Unit
3
4
1
0
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5
6
1.5 10
0.5 9.5
17
8.5
7
Week # 30.5
2
Sow Unit
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1
0
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2
11
1
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Week # 31
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Sow Unit
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2
1
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6
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2.5 11
1.5 10
0.5 9.5
8
Week # 32
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Sow Unit
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6
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3.5 12
2.5 11
1.5 10
0
Week # 33
5
Sow Unit
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0
4.5 13
3.5 12
2.5 11
1
Week # 34
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3
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1
5.5 14
4.5 13
3.5 12
2
Week # 35
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Sow Unit
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0
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1
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6.5 15
5.5 14
4.5 13
3
Week # 36
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Sow Unit
0
1
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7.5 16
6.5 15
5.5 14
4
Week # 37
8
Sow Unit
0
1
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7.5 16
6.5 15
5.5 14
4
Week # 38
0
Sow Unit
1
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8.5 17
7.5 16
6.5 15
5
Week # 39
0
Sow Unit
1
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8.5 17
7.5 16
6.5 15
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Week # 39.5
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1
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Week # 40
1
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2
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8.5 17
7.5 16
6
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1
Sow Unit
2
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9.5 0.5
8.5 17
7.5 16
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1.5
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Week # 41.5
2
Sow Unit
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1
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11
2
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1
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Week # 42
3
Sow Unit
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2
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7
11
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10
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Week # 43
4
Sow Unit
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1
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12
3.5
11
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1.5
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Week # 44
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Sow Unit
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3
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13
4.5
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3.5
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1
Week # 45
6
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8
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4
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0
1
14
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3.5
2
Week # 46
7
Sow Unit
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0
6
5
4
1
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15
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Week # 47
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Sow Unit
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Week # 49
0
Sow Unit
1
2
8
7
6
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4
17
8.5
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6.5
5
Week # 50
0
Sow Unit
1
2
8
7
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3
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8.5
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7.5
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Week # 50.5
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1
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Week # 51
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0.5 9.5
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Week # 51
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Sow Unit
2
3
0
8
7
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0.5 9.5
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Week # 51.5
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2
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1
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9
17
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Week # 52
2
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1.5 10
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2
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1.5 10
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1
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Week # 53
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2.5 11
1.5 10
0.5 9.5
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Week # 54
4
Sow Unit
5
6
3
2
1
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3.5 12
2.5 11
1.5 10
0