1788-1800

• Focus Question: Which points in Hamilton’s economic program were most controversial and why?

• • • • Big Picture: The New Republic National Elections Branches of government success Congress & State amending Bill of Rights Hamilton becomes head of Treasury.

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Fall 1788—First Congressional Election

 Federalist control Congress  Washington (p) & Adams (vp)  New York temporary capital 

Outline of the Executive Branch

 Congress creates Presidential Cabinet  President can make & carry out policies  Separate Exe & Leg branch for more equality

     The Judiciary Branch Court Confusion: State did not want Supreme Court changing their own state procedures.

Judiciary Act of 1789—each state had their own state Supreme Court that operated by state traditions, but Federal Supreme Court had final say in federal issues.

Ex post facto laws Bills of attainder  Bill of Rights—Ratified in Dec. 1791

 Prepare to fund a war with Europe  Avoid borrowing $ = debt  Convince states to support a Nat’l Government  Plans supported rich speculators, merchants, and those in debt   Debt 54 million (646 million today) Debt in bonds—citizens buy certificates and government promises to pay back with interest

 Summary

U.S would pay the state’s Revolutionary War debt.

 Arguments Against

South had already paid Move the capital to NYC to Washington

 Summary National bank deposit governments money  Arguments Against

TJ thought it was unconstitutional Bank was established

 Summary •Tax on imported goods •Raise money for government and protect manufacturers  Arguments Against Southerners opposed because it would help the north *Did not pass!

 What were some of the precedents set for the new government?

 Do you think they are on the right track?

 The belief that the central government can make laws or pass acts to add to its

powers

 The belief that the central government only has the powers

specifically given to it

in the U.S. Constitution  The Elastic Clause  The 10 th Amendment



Imagine This:

Alexander Hamilton has proposed a new tax on the production of whiskey. Congress has passed the tax. This is the first direct tax the new federal government has placed on its citizens. A group of farmers in western Pennsylvania feel this tax violates their rights, have refused to pay it, and have begun tarring and feathering local tax collectors.

Principles Goals Tactics

Alex Hamilton George Washington Whiskey Rebels

 What was Washington’s justification for using force?

 Was Washington really justified in sending the militia to deal with the problem of the “whiskey rebels”?

 Was Hamilton justified in asking the Whiskey Tax to be passed?

 Did the “Whiskey rebels” have a legitimate justice claim?

Focus Question  What was the impact of the French Revolution on American Politics?

The BIG Picture: New Republic  Should the US invest in overseas trading?

 French Revolution will cause world conflict.

 Political divisions over foreign policy.

 1762 granted Louisiana from French  Continued to set up presidios & missions  Texas, New Mexico, California  Tried to compete with Europeans in America     Controlled Pacific Northwest Created Alta California—encouraged Mexican settlement to gain control of region Spreads diseases versus trading Major resistance in French territory

     Tension from Tennessee to Alabama with Creeks Washington attempts to keep peace 1789—gain trade in New Orleans for 15% tax Gov’t officials tempted by Spain & Britain to smuggle Vermont, Tennessee, and Kentucky admitted     Dealing with Creeks 1790—Treaty of New York—Allowed Americans to live in Georgia (Creek Territory) in exchange for land Attempt to weaken Creek alliance with Spain SOW: Knox—chases out Ohio Indians, forcing Creeks to back off of American alliance

  1793—citizens launch a “reign of terror” against monarchy     Over taxation leads to storming and killing leaders Reps: Support French (TJ) Feds: Support Britain (JA)—same thing might happen in Britain!

GW: Stay neutral!

1793—Major slave revolt in Saint Domingue   North: “We trade Britain, so we should ally with them” South: “Should trade with France and support them with Slave revolt”

 Britain & France are mad b/c we aren’t taking sides  Britain in the West  Refuse to leave their forts & arm natives with weapons    Anthony Wayne leads the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) Forces NA to sign Treaty of Greenville (1795) US gains Ohio Territory  Britain in the Water  Began to seize our ships and blockade ports   “impressment” Jays Treaty: doesn’t address impressment!

 Spain “gets it”  Treaty of San Lorenzo 1796—Spain grants rights to NO

Focus Question:  What principle issues divided Federalists and Republicans in the election of 1800?

Big Picture: The New Republic  Dividing factors of the Federalists & Republicans.

 The Election of 1800

 The French Revolution changed perspectives  Democratic Republicans:  Power/voting should be given to property owning, educated, white males  Few Southerners agreed & wanted to end slavery  Federalists:  Feared revolution, elected officials know the best interest of American (ppl were unreliable)  Democratic societies formed   Jefferson resigned from SOS Seaboard cities organized against Federalists

 Washington sided with the Federalists    Left office in 1796 after two terms Farewell Address written by Hamilton Two precedents: avoid political parties & foreign affairs  Election preparation     DR’s had majority in HOR 1/5 subscribed to newspapers (propaganda) Fed’s said: DR’s planning a “reign of terror” DR’s said: Fed’s favor aristocracy

 Jefferson vs Adams   Immigrants target audience for votes DR gained votes due to demo societies  Electoral Votes    DR hoped for Southern votes Fed hoped for NE, NJ, & SC Swing states: PA & NY (immigrants)  Outcome  Jefferson lost by 3 EC votes

1796 Election Results (16 states in the Union)

John Adams Thomas Jefferson Thomas Pinckney Aaron Burr Samuel Adams Oliver Ellsworth George Clinton Other Massachusetts Virginia South Carolina New York Massachusetts Connecticut New York Federalist Democratic Republican Federalist Democratic Republican Federalist Federalist Democratic Republican 71 51.4% 68 49.3% 59 42.8% 30 21.7% 15 10.9% 11 8.0% 7 5.1% 15 10.9% Total Number of Electors Total Electoral Votes Cast Number of Votes for a Majority 138 276 70

1796 Election Results

Adams Jefferson

 The French thought Jay’s Treaty = BR alliance  Began to seize ships and blockade ports  Adam’s Reacts   Sent 3 person mission to France France sent agents X, Y, & Z to negotiate:  $250,000 and a loan for 12 million  Adam’s Response     Asked Congress (DR dominated) for military Congress said, no Angered Americans “millions for defense and not one cent for tribute” Discredited the DR

The Alien and Sedition Acts Interests: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Interests:

Beliefs: Identities: Emotions:

Beliefs: Identities: Emotions:

Focus Question:  On what basis were some Americans denied full equality by 1800?

Big Picture: The New Republic  Constitution expanded economy, politics, and lives.

 White males in full control of country, minimal rights for females, Blacks, and Native Americans.

 Patriarchal families—father head of family    Others living with families: apprentices Households: 8+ kids, produced own food Women: “Dairy Maids” & producers of clothing  Business & Manufacturing     Merchants invested in shipping/building = NYSE Samuel Slater introduces “mills” in NE Hamilton: manufacturing = jobs, immigration, technology Jefferson: Farming = prosperity

 Voting   NJ gave voting rights 1796 election—votes went to Feds  Wanted less kids & choose husbands   Judith Sargent Murray—male & female equality “Republican Motherhood”

 Indian Trade & Intercourse Act 1790-1796   Prohibit land trade with NA (states) without Congress’s authority Traders must be licensed to trade with NA WHY?

 African American Struggles   No equality for slaves Reforms passed to improve slavery  End of Atlantic Slave Trade       Punishment for murdering slaves 3 of 16 states allowed Black voting rights Naturalization Act—limited eligibility for US citizen status to “free whites”—blacks lose rights.

Fugitive Slave Act Gabriel’s Rebellion Slaves poor & Uneducated—helped build the capital.