Transcript Presentation Plus! - Bellbrook-Sugarcreek Schools / Overview

CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 The Minoans
SECTION 2 The Mycenaeans
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
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Overview
• Chapter 9 introduces Minoan and
Mycenaean cultures as forerunners of
Greek civilization. 
– Section 1 discusses the way of life of
the Minoans. 
– Section 2 explains the culture of the
Mycenaeans.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• describe what life was like for the
Minoans. 
• discuss how geography influenced the
people who lived on Crete and the
Balkan Peninsula. 
• summarize what life was like for the
Mycenaeans. 
• explain how the Dark Age affected the
Aegean world.
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Read to Discover
• What life was like for the Minoans 
• How geography influenced the early
peoples who lived on Crete and the
Balkan Peninsula 
• What life was like for the Mycenaeans 
• How the “Dark Age” affected the Aegean
world
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the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 151 of your textbook.
Terms to Learn
• bull leaping 
• labyrinth 
• parchment 
• shrines 
• megaron 
• tenants 
• civil wars 
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People to Know
• Theseus 
• Homer 
• Odysseus 
• Helen 
Places to Locate
• Crete 
• Balkan Peninsula 
• Troy 
• Asia Minor 
• Ionia
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Why It’s Important
Greek civilization grew out of a
combination of two earlier civilizations,
Minoan and Mycenaean. Due to the
geography of the land, both became great
sea powers. Although their power was
eventually destroyed, the Minoans and the
Mycenaeans left an important legacy, or
gift from the past, to the Greeks.
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The Minoans
• Minoan civilization rose around 2800 B.C. on
Crete, an island in the Mediterranean Sea. 
• The Minoans used their metalworking and
carpentry skills to build ships and began to
earn a living from trade instead of farming. 
• They made their ships slimmer and faster,
with two or three masts instead of one. 
• By about 2000 B.C., Crete was the world’s
first important seafaring civilization.
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the information. Section 1 begins on page 151 of your textbook.
The People
• The Minoans were a small people with
bronzed skin and long dark hair. 
• Men farmed, fished, and raised cattle,
long-horned sheep, and goats. 
• Men also served in the navy and the royal
guard. 
• Women performed household duties,
attended sporting events, and went hunting
in chariots. 
• The people of Crete loved sports.
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The People (cont.)
• They built what was probably the world's
first arena. 
• Boxing matches and bull leaping, a form
of bullfighting, were held there. 
• Many experts believe bull leaping was a
religious ceremony as well as a sport.
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Cities and Palaces
• At the heart of each Minoan city stood a
palace rather than a temple. 
• The palaces were a government building,
temple, factory, and warehouse. 
• The palace had several entrances, with
passageways and rooms forming a
labyrinth, or a network of paths through
which it is difficult to find one’s way. 
• Sea captains, merchants, and shipbuilders
lived in houses around the palace.
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Cities and Palaces (cont.)
• Many early Minoan houses had no entrance
from the street. 
• A person went in or out through the roof
and lowered a ladder over the side of the
house. 
• Later, wooden doors and windows made
of oiled and tinted parchment, or thin
animal skin, were added.
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Rulers and Religion
• The rulers of Crete were priest-kings. 
• They made the laws and represented the
gods on Earth. 
• The Minoans had many gods, though their
main god was the Great Goddess, Mother
Earth. 
• To honor her, the Minoans built shrines,
or sacred places to worship, in palaces,
on housetops, on hilltops, and in caves. 
• The Minoans believed that certain things,
such as the dove, were sacred.
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The Fall of the Minoans
• No one is certain why Minoan civilization
came to an end. 
• About 1400 B.C., control of the sea and of
Crete passed to the Mycenaeans. 
• Legend explains the fall of the Minoans
with the story of Theseus and the
Minotaur.
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Section Assessment
What kind of government did the
Minoans have?
They were ruled by priest-kings, who
represented the gods.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
How did cities in Crete differ from
cities in other ancient civilizations?
At the heart of each city stood a
palace, and the cities did not have
walls around them.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Making Generalizations How did
geography influence the
development of the Minoan
civilization?
Answers will vary, but due to
geography the Minoans became a
sea power. Because of the forests on
Crete, the Minoans worked with
wood. Because Minoan cities were
near the sea, they did not have walls.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a chart like the one on page 155
of your textbook, and use it to fill in
details on Minoan civilization.
economy–world’s first important
seafaring nation
cities–palace at the center instead of a
temple, no walls
religion–Great Goddess, Mother Earth,
main deity
sports–bull leaping
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The Mycenaeans
• The Mycenaeans came from the grasslands
of southern Russia. 
• Around 2000 B.C. they settled in the lowlands
of Greece. 
• The Mycenaean kings built fortress-palaces
on hilltops. 
• The chief feature of the palace was the
megaron, or a square room with a fireplace
in its center, where the king held council
meetings and entertained.
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The Mycenaeans (cont.)
• Land was divided into estates that were
farmed either by enslaved people or by
tenants, or people who live on and work
another person’s land. 
• Although they kept large herds of cattle,
the Mycenaeans relied on hunting to get
more meat.
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Traders and Pirates
• Shortly after the Mycenaeans settled in the
lowlands of Greece, they were visited by
Minoan traders from Crete. 
• The Mycenaeans began to imitate Minoan
gold and bronze work. 
• Most important of all, they learned how to
build ships and how to navigate. 
• The Mycenaens began to grow olives, and
the sale of olive oil made them rich, leading
them to found trading stations and
settlements on nearby islands.
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Traders and Pirates (cont.)
• Despite their success in trade, the
Mycenaeans were warriors at heart. 
• At first, the Mycenaeans fought one
another. 
• By about 1400 B.C., they had replaced the
Minoans as the chief power of the Aegean
world.
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The Trojan War
• The Mycenaeans are famous for their attack
on Troy, a major trading city in Asia Minor. 
• This attack probably took place during the
middle 1200s B.C. 
• About 500 years after the Mycenaeans
attacked Troy, a blind Greek poet named
Homer composed the Iliad, a long poem
about the event. 
• According to Homer’s account in the Iliad,
the Trojan War was fought over a woman.
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The Trojan War (cont.)
• Homer also composed a poem called the
Odyssey, which tells about the wanderings
of Odysseus, a Mycenaean hero of the
Trojan War. 
• After ten years of fighting, the
Mycenaeans still had not taken Troy. 
• Then, Odysseus had the soldiers build a
huge, hollow wooden horse. 
• The best soldiers hid inside the horse,
while the rest boarded their ships and
sailed away.
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The Trojan War (cont.)
• The Trojans saw the ships leave and thought
they had won the war. 
• They did not know the Mycenaean ships
would return after dark. 
• The Trojans tied ropes to the wooden
horse and pulled it into the city as a
victory prize. 
• The hidden Mycenaeans killed the king of
Troy and burned the city.
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A “Dark Age”
• The Mycenaeans did not return to peaceful
ways after crushing Troy. 
• A series of civil wars, or wars between
opposing groups of citizens, broke out. 
• Soon after, a people called Dorians
entered Greece and conquered the
Mycenaeans. 
• As a result of the civil wars and the Dorian
invasion, the Aegean world entered a
“Dark Age,” which lasted until about
800 B.C.
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A “Dark Age” (cont.)
• The people of the Aegean region forgot how
to write and keep records. 
• The Aegean world was cut off from the
Middle East, and the people had to create
a new civilization on their own. 
• Once again, herding and farming became
the main ways of life. 
• Local leaders ruled small areas and called
themselves kings, but they were little
more than chiefs.
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A “Dark Age” (cont.)
• The people of these communities began
calling themselves Hellenes, or Greeks. 
• The civilization they created flourished
from about the 700s B.C. until 336 B.C.
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Section Assessment
In what ways were the Mycenaeans
influenced by Minoan culture?
They copied Minoan metalwork,
adapted Cretan script, copied Minoan
fashions, and learned how to build
and navigate ships.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
According to Homer, how did the
Mycenaeans finally win the Trojan
War?
They hid soldiers in a huge, hollow,
horse and tricked the Trojans into
dragging it inside their city.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What happened in the Aegean world
during the “Dark Age”?
It was a time of wandering and killing,
overseas trade stopped, people
forgot how to write, and artistic skills
disappeared.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment
Why was the growing of olives such
an important development for the
Aegean world?
Answers will vary but could include the
many uses of oil that developed and
the trade and wealth it brought.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on
page 160 of your textbook, and use
it to show the causes and effects of
the Trojan War on the Mycenaeans.
causes–Trojan control of trade routes
to the Black Sea; according to
Homer, capture of Helen by the
Trojan king
effects–eruption of a series of civil
wars, conquest by the Dorians,
“Dark Age” for the Aegean world
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• Minoan civilization began to develop on the
Mediterranean island of Crete around 2800
B.C. 
• The Minoans started as farmers but
eventually turned to trade. 
• Since the Minoans depended on the sea
and their ships for protection, their cities
were not walled. 
• The Minoans worshiped many gods, the
most important of which was the Great
Goddess, Mother Earth.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• Around 1400 B.C., the Mycenaeans took
control of the Mediterranean. 
• Instead of cities, the Mycenaeans built
fortress-palaces on hilltops. 
• The Mycenaeans learned many things from
the Minoans, including a writing script and
the skills of shipbuilding and navigation. 
• The Mycenaeans fought a lengthy war
against Troy, described in two long poems,
the Iliad and the Odyssey.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• After years of civil war, the Mycenaeans
were conquered by the Dorians. 
• During the 300 years of the “Dark Age,” the
people of the Aegean area lost many of
their skills and had to create a new
civilization.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What civilizations combined to
form Greek civilization?
Minoan and Mycenaean
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Understanding the Main Idea
In what ways were the Minoan
people able to gain control of the
Mediterranean Sea?
They built faster ships with a large
wooden beam in the prow to smash
and sink enemy ships.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What do experts believe about the
sport of bull leaping?
that it was a religious ceremony as
well as a sport
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why didn’t Minoan cities have
walls around them?
The people depended on the sea and
navy for protection.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What were some of the features of
the palace at Knossos?
It was five stories high, built of stone,
framed with wood, and decorated
with frescoes. It had bathrooms,
several entrances, and labyrinths.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What did the Mycenaeans build
instead of cities?
fortress-palaces
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
How was the Trojan War described
in the Iliad?
Paris took Helen to Troy. The
Mycenaeans attacked Troy; they later
built a huge wooden horse with
soldiers hidden inside which was
pulled into Troy. The Mycenaeans
burned the city.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did the people of Greece have
to create a new civilization?
because their civilization was
destroyed during the Dark Age
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Critical Thinking
How well did the Minoans use their
natural resources? Explain your
answer.
The Minoans used resources wisely.
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Critical Thinking
What effect did being an island
civilization have on the Minoans?
It provided natural protection and
also made travel and trade easier.
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Critical Thinking
What role did religion play in Minoan
daily life?
Religion gave kings power.
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Critical Thinking
In what ways would the Mycenaean
civilization have been different if the
people had not learned to build and
sail ships?
Answers will vary.
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Geography in History
Regions Refer to the map on page
156 of your textbook as you think
about the “Dark Age” of the Aegean
region. What human actions and
geographic factors made it possible
for this period of history to last for
300 years?
Create a poster warning people
about the events and geographic
factors that led to the “Dark Ages.”
the isolation caused by the sea,
mountains, migrations, and civil wars
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the answer.
Imagine you are an archaeologist
who has dug up artifacts you believe
are Mycenaean. Describe two
artifacts you have found and what
each was used for.
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
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Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive
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chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the
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2800 B.C.
1400 B.C.
750 B.C.
Minoan
civilization
begins
Mycenaeans
take control of
Crete
Homer writes
the Iliad and the
Odyssey
2000 B.C.
1250 B.C.
Mycenaeans
move toward
Greece
Mycenaeans attack
Troy in Asia Minor
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Homer
C.
700s B.C.
Greek Poet
Homer remains a mystery. Nobody
knows what he looked like or exactly
when he lived. Ancient Greek bards, or
poets, called him the “Ionian bard,” so
maybe Homer came from Ionia. Tradition
says Homer was blind, but he was not
blind to history. Archaeologists have
proven that many of the stories told by
Homer actually took place. That means
his poems are more than good literature–
they are also good history.
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Reading Longitude
• To measure distances east and west on
Earth, mapmakers use imaginary lines on
maps and globes. 
• These are called lines of longitude, or
meridians, and they run from the North
Pole to the South Pole. 
• Like lines of latitude, meridians are
measured in degrees.
Continued on next slide.
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Reading Longitude
• All meridians are measured from the Prime
Meridian, a line of longitude that runs
through Greenwich, England. 
• The Prime Meridian is marked 0º. 
• Those lines east of the Prime Meridian are
marked with an E, from 1º E to 180º E. 
• Those lines west of the Prime Meridian are
marked with a W, from 1º W to 180º W.
Continued on next slide.
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Reading Longitude
• Unlike lines of latitude, meridians are not
always the same distance from one
another. 
• They are farthest apart at the Equator, and
closest together at the poles. 
• Lines of longitude are often used to help
specify location.
Continued on next slide.
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Reading Longitude
• For example, it is much easier to find
Troy on the map below if one knows that
it is located at about 26º E.
Continued on next slide.
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Reading Longitude
Study the map on page 156 of your textbook titled
“The Early Aegean World.” Then answer the
questions that follow.
Continued on next slide.
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Reading Longitude
Along which line of longitude was
Knossos located?
25º E
Continued on next slide.
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the answer.
Reading Longitude
Which early Aegean city was located
closest to 20º E?
Mycenae
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the answer.
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