Transcript Integration of Wind Farms into the Grid

Integration of Wind Farms into the Grid
New Mexico Wind Working Group
Ben Karlson
Wind Energy Technology Department
Sandia National Laboratories
www.sandia.gov/wind
[email protected]
Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company,
for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration
under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Topics
• Sandia Wind Energy
Program
• Wind Energy Challenges
• Connecting Wind to the
Grid
• Transmission Issues
• Associated Studies
• Summary
Sandia Wind Program
• Blade Technology
– Materials and Manufacturing
– Structural, Aerodynamic, and Full
System Modeling
– Sensors and Structural Health
Monitoring
– Advanced Blade Concepts
– Lab and Field Testing
• System Reliability
– Industry Data Collection
– Improve reliability of the existing
technology and future designs
• System Integration and Outreach
– Wind/RADAR Interaction
– Integration and Outreach
extender
slider
base
Sandia Integration
• KAFB/SNL Wind Integration
Study
– Collaboration with DOE
Transformational Energy Action
Management (TEAM) Initiative
– SNL Wind Farm Feasibility
Project
– Identify costs, benefits, and
value of an on-site wind farm
– Identify and develop mitigation
schemes for system impacts
• Infrastructure and power
quality
• Forecasting and contracts
“Maximize installation of secure, on-site
renewable energy projects at all DOE sites”
- Secretary Samuel W. Bodman
Sandia/KAFB
Ridgeline
Wind Energy Challenges
• Inability to dispatch
– Weather determines the output
• Variability
– Makes it more difficult to balance load
• Uncertainty
– Can be forecasted to a large extent
Controllable
Non (Pseudo)-Controllable
Connecting Wind to the Grid
• Wind Resource
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–
–
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Wind maps
Local meteorological stations
On-site monitoring
Min annual average wind speed 11-13 mph
• Transmission access
– Distance from wind site to transmission
• Capital
– Development can cost around $2 million per MW
FERC Open Access
• Access to the transmission system
– FERC has jurisdiction
• Interstate commerce
• Wholesale transactions
– Access must be provided
– Access must be fair, non-discriminatory
– Open-Access Transmission Tariff (OATT) defines
terms and conditions, procedures
Transmission
High Lonesome Mesa (100MW)
(Dynamically Scheduled to Arizona)
Aragonne Mesa 90 MW
110 MW additional planned
(Dynamically Scheduled to Arizona)
New Mexico Wind Energy
Center (204 MW)
50 MW additional planned
YOU ARE HERE
Map By created by
TrueWind Solutions
from MesoMap system
using historical
weather data
• Transmission Queue
Transmission Study
Procedures
– First-come, first-served
• System Impact Study
– 60-day study timeline, possible penalties for delays
– Requests can be studied in “Clusters”
• Facilities Study
– 60-day study timeline, possible penalties for delays
• Studies should take into account
– Existing transmission obligations and commitments
– Higher-queued transmission requests
– Interconnection requests in the Transmission Provider’s
Interconnection Queue (?)
Interconnection Service
• Large Generators Procedures (LGIP)
– For proposed generators 20 MW or larger
• Small Generators Procedures (SGIP)
– For generators <20 MW
• Study Sequence
– Feasibility Study, System Impact, Facilities Study
– Fast-track possible for Small Generators
• 2 MW or smaller
• Meet standards (e.g., IEEE 1547, UL 1741, etc)
– Study timelines defined in the OATT, but the benchmark is
“reasonable effort”
Interconnection Queue
• Determines general order of studies
• Determines cost responsibility for
additional facilities and/or upgrades
• Backlogged
– Too many speculative project
– Modifications allowed require new
study
• Studying several projects together
(Clustering) possible
– If implemented, a cluster also takes a
position in the queue
Interconnection Studies
• Goal
– Determine system upgrades required to
interconnect the generator at full output
• Also find maximum amount that Generator can inject
without Network Upgrades (ERI)
– Provide cost and construction schedule estimates
– Applicable performance criteria
• WECC/NERC standards
• Other applicable non-discriminatory policy, criteria
• FERC policy (e.g., for wind generators)
Scope of Studies
• Feasibility Study -- Optional
$10,000
– Short Circuit
– Power Flow
• Conventional contingency analysis
• Evaluation of reactive power requirements
• System Impact Study
$50,000
– Transient Stability
• Conventional contingency analysis
• Further evaluation of reactive power requirement
• Assessment of tolerance to disturbances (LVRT)
• Facilities Study
– Engineering Design
– Interaction analyses?
$100,000
Summary & Discussion
• Understand the wind resource
– Observed data is necessary
• Understand the transmission &
interconnection process
– Transmission may exist, but not have available
capacity
– Interconnection process is slow and complicated
• Better understanding of the rules minimizes
the risk
QUESTIONS?