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Discussion 1 February 1, 2005 D. Cassidy Bioregional Climate Time, Space Long, Large Short, Small Five Year Fire Regime Constraints Level of Focus Succession of individual plant species In a prairie Mechanisms (emergent) Root Parasites Micro organisms Soil Bacteria Processes & Characteristics Interior Plateau Outer Nashville Basin Knobs Inner Bluegrass Landscape of Fayette County, KY Environmental Economic C. Read Social • Similarity of ecosystems • Response to disturbance • Weather patterns • Type, quality and quantity of environmental resources • Geology and Soil patterns • Hydrology and Topography • Landscape Mosaic: •Patches: lakes, parks, arboretum •Corridors: roads, animal migration, streams/rivers •Matrix: horse farms/agriculture, urban development • Community infrastructure, land use planning, transportation, horse farm industry, population growth, university, recreation, value of stakeholders, conservation, historic value, microclimate Marie Vicksta Speciation Species 1 Species 2 Determines individual’s niche: where it can live, what it can ingest Energy Budget Competition Resource partitioning Isolation Morphology/Physiology Morphology/Physiology Lethal mutations Energy cost VS. Selection value Natural Mutation rate Introduced Toxins Increased UV radiation Selection pressures Mutation Mutation Mutation Mutation Aaron Megquier FOR565, Assignment #1 01.31.2005 Goal: Develop quantifiable measures or indicators for biodiversity that can be measured across ecoregional landscapes. 108 ha Factors supporting biodiversity Spatial Scale Composition: Rates of speciation Structure: Physiognomy of dominant vegetation types, geological landform, Function: Temperature and precipitation patterns, solar insolation levels Composition: Natural communities present, numbers of RTE species, representativeness of protected areas, extinction rate w/in NRV Structure: Perimeter:area ratio, patch size, riparian buffer strips, migratory routes, landscape connectivity, distribution of seral stages. Function: Large-scale disturbance frequency, nutrient cycling rates, guild persistence, ecological redundancy Composition: Species richness and abundance, proportion of native species. Structure: Standing dead trees, coarse woody debris, mixed-age stands, gap formation rates, non-channelized streams, Function: local colonization/extinction rates, NPP 10 ha Potential threats to biodiversity Biome Cumulative stress from lower levels may affect long-term viability of biome Rapid changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, loss of dispersal vectors for species migration, massive land-cover conversion by humans Climate and landform shape disturbance regime, species richness, community diversity Ecoregional landscape Biodiversity gains at stand level support the ecoregion Widespread persistent pollutants, broad patterns of land-use change, large hydrological modifications, loss of keystone species, fire suppression policy, habitat fragmentation, highly pathogenic invasive species Ecoregional threats are realized at the stand level Individual Stand or Patch Road density, invasive species, isolation from other patches, habitat removal/simplification, edge effects, eutrophication of water bodies, Temporal scale is highly non-linear across the diagram and has been left out for this reason. Hierarchical Diagram Constraints Objective: Compare insect communities between patches Beta insect community / landscape Insect community / patch Insect species / Flower species Climate Migration Patch size , Distance between patches Floral resources: pollen, nectar Insect / flower morphology Constraints = Red Mechanisms = Green A. Bennett Objective: To Determine How Black Bears are Distributed Across the Landscape Spatial Kirsten Kapp: Forest 565 Regional Black Bear Range • Defined loosely as forested land Regional Determined by biological and social processes: Climate, Soil type, Management History/Trends Landscape Presence in or use of a particular area (home range) within habitat is dependent on stand characteristics such as food quality and quantity, escape cover, thermal cover, proximity to homes (garbage), other bears, distance to agriculture, edge Stand Ideal habitat includes a diversity of forest types that contain hard mast, soft mast, water sources etc LANDSCAPE: Forest Cover such as Spruce/Fir, Aspen/Birch, Northern Hardwood, Wetlands, Human Development, Agriculture Bear Home Range Bear Home Range Bear Home Range Tree Tree Tree Temporal Tree Tree Tree Den Site Thermal Cover Acorn Crop Escape Gap At a finer scale, presence of fallen trees (den sites), large trees with furrowed bark (for escape/cubs), reproductive success of individual trees (acorn crop) determine temporal usable habitat Objective: What policy mechanisms will motivate NIPF’s (non-industrial private forest owners) to manage across property boundaries? Institutions: R.Gass •Policy making bodies, governments (ex. laws) •Private organizations or cooperatives Neighbors: •Collective action •Common objectives, trust, investment •Ecosystem management Individual NIPF’s: •Personal land objectives, ethics, beliefs •Income from land, family influence