Transcript Pastoralism in Eastern Africa & Policy Influencing in Europe

Pastoralism in Eastern Africa & Policy Influencing in
Europe
Food , Livestock and Pastoralism Policies
Francis N Chabari, Tufts University
USAID-EA / Pastoral Areas Coordination, Analysis & Policy
Support
 Presentation covers:
 East Africa - Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
 EAC – these 3 + Burundi, Rwanda
 IGAD Reg: Uganda, Sudan, Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia,
Djibouti (Eritrea suspended membership)
 COMESA: IGAD region (excluding Tz.) + 14 other
countries, total 19 Countries. Pop. – 400M pers (incl.
25M pastoralists). Somalia has observer status.
Last week signed agreement for Common Trade Tariffs
 Proposed REC: COMESA + SADC – Total 26 countries
 HoA – IGAD region or Somalia alone???
Contributions of Livestock to Agricultural
GDPs:
 Tanzania
 Kenya
 Ethiopia
 Djibouti
30%
47%
19%
82%
 Sudan
 Uganda
 Eritrea
26%
14%
63%
Examples: Pastoralist Policies & Institutions
Numerous policies, often un-coordinated even within sectors &
short on evidence
Need for Regional Coordinating (not controlling), Policy setting
Fora
1. Institutional Initiatives
 Africa Union – Pastoralist Policy Initiatives
Initiative of AU, UN-OCHA
 AU-NEPAD
- Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Dev. Prog. (CAADP), aims to
reduce food poverty by 50% by yr 2015, MDG Goal #1.
- COMESA Pastoralist Food Security Policy progress under CAADP
Pillar3
 ASARECA Policy Analysis & Advocacy Programme (evidence
targeting)
Pastoralist Policies, Institutions …cont’d
 IGAD-FAO Pro-poor Livestock Policy Initiatives
- Focusing on poverty alleviation among livestockdependent rural poor in IGAD region
- Examines:
- the roles of livestock in PRSPs of member
countries
- The regional livestock disease control
strategies to promote trade
The Existing COMESA Initiatives
Commodity Trade Policies
- Meats & Live animals with other RECs in
African
- Milk markets, with other RECs
Harmonization of COMESA and EAC Maize
standards & simplified Tariff Regime
COMESA Initiatives (cont’d)
The East African Grain Council:
 Lobbying to harmonize existing laws on maize
trade
 Objective:
- to enhance food security in region
- to encourage private sector investments
Aim: Maize without borders Policy to allow
movement of maize from glut to deficit areas
COMESA Initiatives (cont’d)
Reducing Barriers to trade:
 COMESA-GCC
- seeking framework trade agreement
- Livestock & Meat trade from HoA a key target
- COMESA Green Pass Policy (SPS Initiative)
- Commodity based trade in livestock products
 COMPETE Programme (USAID-COMESA)
- Linking food surplus to food deficit areas
- Linking small farmers/producers to markets
- Linking businesses to markets (regional/global)
- Linking transit to value chains
- Linking business to finance
- Linking private to public
Some Policy Debates
A. Emergency Interventions
Available Evidence indicate that more livestock die from starvation
than from disease in a drought
 Debate:
- Free vs cost recovery policies… vaccinations, curative
treatments, supplementary feed… etc
- Humanitarian interventions provide these free, tend to
undermine development efforts
 NOW GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT DROUGHTS ARE
PREDICTABLE, SLOW ON-SET AND EARLY LIVELIHOODSBASED INTERVENTIONS CAN AVOID PROGRESSION TO
EMERGENCIES
B. Food Aid vs Protecting Pastoral Livelihoods
 Droughts have been rather frequent in HoA
 Default response has been Food Aid… 94 % of
expenditure, only 6% to non-food - 2005-6 Drought in
Kenya
 Protecting livelihoods has huge Benefit/Cost ration cf to
Food Aid
- Evidence from Ethiopia Commercial de-stocking shows benefit/cost
ratio of 41:1 in 2005-2006 drought in Ethiopia
- Livestock supplementation benefit cost ratio of 2:1 same period in
Ethiopia
- Cash transfers to poor/destitute pastoralists have been tried with
promising results. Instruments are flexible and evidence shows
beneficiaries put these into productive livelihoods
- Livestock Insurance is newest instrument, designed for pastoralists,
need to be piloted & tested
C: Specific Livestock Marketing Policies
 Animal Health , focusing on trade,
 Establishment of Disease Free Zones (DFZs) ???
 Financial services
 Feeds
 Infrastructure
 Absence of X-border trade policies
 Absence of / low levels of Value addition processes
Specific Livestock Marketing Policies ..cont’d
Development of Livestock Export ports on the Red Sea
 Djibouti
 Berberra, Somaliland
 Bossasso, Puntland
 Inland port inside Ethiopia
Development of Livestock Export ports.. Indian Ocean
 Exports of livestock from Kenya to Mauritius
D: Policy Debates on Livestock-based Foods
 Evidence based role of milk in diets of pastoralist
children in Africa
- how countries deal with seasonal glut milk in
pastoral systems (Milk Matters, case for Ethiopia)
 Adding livestock based foods to National Food
Reserves (developing policy with new Ministry of
Livestock Development, Kenya)
E: Infrastructure
 The COMPETE Programme
- The Southern Corridor: Cape town into
Southern
Africa
- Central Corridor: Dar es Salaam to Central African
Region
- Northern Corridor: Mombasa – Kampala
 The Great North Road: Cape – Cairo
- Missing link (Isiolo-Moyale Road) under
construction
F: Some Land use policies
Kenya:
- Draft land policy establishing Public, Community and Private
ownerships
- Numerous hotspots of land alienated against pastoral interest
Ethiopia:
- State control of land but recognizing user rights for
pastoralists
- Documented changes of use of grazing lands against pastoral
interests
Uganda:
- Explicit protection of wetlands
- Recognizes pastoralism but focus on smallholder and
commercial sectors for meat production
Tz ??
G: Policy Issues of Regional Nature
 Pastoral drop outs. Question…is piracy an outcome of
this??
 Eco-systems thinking… for disease control and biodiversity conservation
 Sharing of Drought Early Warning/Early response systems
info
 X-border Mobility: Essential for existence of pastoralism
 Appropriate Education systems for Pastoralists
- Universal education
- Functional/diversified skills to absorb pastoral dropouts
H. Conflict
This is a major concern especially across national borders in
East Africa, Livestock rustling as main cause
e.g. X-border Livestock rustling incidences – Kenya
Year
2005
2006
2007
2008
Total
Jan - June
Incidences
2398
2329
1581
1040
7348
Source: Ministry of State for Provincial Administration & Internal Security
Initiatives for Conflict Early Warning (CEWARN) and
Checklists available by other Conflict sensitivity initiatives in
Regional programmes
 Establishment of Ministry for Development of
Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands in Kenya
Lobbyists would like to see this named Ministry for
Development of Pastoralists !!!
Thank You !