Collection and Analysis of “Successful Practices”

Mushtaq Ahmed Memon Kitakyushu Office, International Conference Center, 6 th Floor, 3-9-30, Asano, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu City, JAPAN 802-0001 Tel: +81-82-513-3711 Fax: +81-82-513-3712 Email: [email protected]

URL: www.iges.or.jp/ue/index.html, www.iges.or.jp/kitakyushu 2 nd Kitakyushu Network Meeting Weihai (China), 15-17 October 2003

Outline of the Presentation 1. Purpose of collection and analysis of “successful practices” 2. Focal areas under KIN and collected “successful practices” 3. Analysis of “successful practices 4. Conclusions: recommendations and considerations

Section - I

Purpose

Trends of Urbanization Degree of Urbanization in the Asian and Pacific Region, 1999 Less than 25% 25-50% 50-75% 75% and above 8 11 9 8 Afghanistan (22), Bangladesh (21), Bhutan (7), Nepal (11),Sri Lanka (23), Cambodia (23), Lao People’s Democratic Republic (23), Viet Nam (20), People’s Republic of China (34), India (28), Kyrgyzstan (40), Maldives (28), Thailand (34), Pakistan(33), Tajikistan (33), Turkmenistan (45), Uzbekistan (42), Indonesia (39), Myanmar (27) Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (63), Mongolia (63), Islamic Republic of Iran (64), Kazakhstan(55), Malaysia (57), Philippines (58), Armenia (70), Azerbaijan (57), Turkey (74), Hong Kong, China (96), Japan (79), Republic of Korea (85), Brunei Darussalam (72), Singapore (100), Australia (85), New Zealand (87), Russian Federation (77) Source: ESCAP 1999

Trends of Urbanization 2 Rate of Urbanization in Asia and the Pacific, 1995-2030 Components of Urban Growth in Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2005 Out of 33 world’s largest cities, 27 will be in this region by year 2015

Solid Waste Municipal and industrial solid waste generation

Disposal methods Solid Waste 2

Water and Sanitation Urban water and sanitation coverage Source: World Bank 1997

Water and Sanitation 2 Water availability and water pollution

Air Quality Ambient levels for TSP and SO 2

Air Quality 2 Ambient levels for NO 2 and Regional Share of CO 2

Environmental Impact • Solid waste, including hazardous waste, is responsible for major health impacts. The water resources are being polluted and methane emissions contribute towards global warming. In various cities scattered waste creates havoc and accidents.

• Water related diseases have a major impact on the quality and quantity of labor and on the health related costs. The pollution of water sources and saline due to intense water drawl rates are jeopardizing agricultural and industrial requirements, in addition to marine and aquatic losses, and leading towards huge economic losses.

• There are enormous health and socioeconomic losses due to air pollution. For example, World Bank (1996) estimated that in Bangkok, Jakarta, and KL, the annual costs from dust and lead pollution were US$5 billion or about 10% of combined city income. Furthermore, only in Jakarta, 1,400 premature deaths, 49,000 emergency room visits, and 600,000 asthma attacks could be avoided annually, if particulate levels were to be brought down to WHO standards.

Urban Environmental Management Means Issues Solid Waste Management Water Supply & Wastewater Management Urban Air Quality Management Urban Planning Institutional Capacity Regulatory Capacity Technical Capacity Financial Capacity Social Capacity Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) System Environmental Issues over Time

Capacity for Urban Air Quality Management 1. Assessment of the problem (current or future) Pollution levels, sources, and the impact (Monitoring cause and effect analysis) 2. Planning and implementation of the response Identification of the responses (options) Prioritization of the options (short-term & long-term) Implementation of the options

Social Capacity for Problem Assessment 1. Monitoring and prediction of of pollution/ambient levels (current or future) In-house capacity Linkages with private sector (Industries, etc.) and civil society (NGOs, Academia) 2. Cause and effect analysis Pollution sources (Household, Transport, Industries, etc.) Health & productivity impact (morbidity and mortality) Socioeconomic impact (water sources, land values, visibility, maintenance costs, time savings, leisure, etc.)

Local Capacity for the Response 1. Urban Planning 2. Institutions (formal and informal) 3. Regulatory standards and jurisdiction (CAC and MBIs) 4. Public Participation (policy making & implementation) 5. Financial mechanisms (decentralization, municipal bonds, revolving funds, public-private partnerships) 6. Appropriate technology

Challenges Environment al Problem (water pollution/ scarcity, air pollution, solid waste, industrial pollution, etc) Sources (households, private sector, transport, energy, etc.) Impact (quantitative and qualitative) Critical Path Analysis Necessary condition(s) Essential condition(s) Urban Planning Regulations & Institutions 1. Zoning and land-use 2. Titling 3. Future growth 1. Logical and suitable 2. Human resources 3. Jurisdiction & Implementation Public participation Financial Mechanisms Appropriate Technology 1. Public awareness 2. Information systems 3. Formal & Informal framework 1. Government & donor funding 2. Economic instruments 3. Public-private partnerships 1. Monitoring 2. Production 3. Repair and maintenance

Local Capacity Building Process - 1 Decentralization • Local Institutions •Local action plans Network of stakeholders •Consultations and suggestions •Involving private sector and civil society Mechanisms to involve stakeholders Training • Capacity of stakeholders Public awareness campaigns • Motivating stakeholders to improve their cooperation and capacity for UEM Stakeholder participation • Assessment: monitoring, identification of polluters, and analysis of the impact •Response: urban planning, regulations, financial mechanisms, and technology

Local Capacity Building Process - 2 Network of Researcher •International researchers/institutes •Local researchers/institutes Stakeholders for Policy Making •Government officials, NGOs, Private sector, Community •Bilateral and multilateral agencies Research Agenda Existing challenges: 1. General (for all Asian cities) 2. Particular (with specific situation and characteristics) for urban water management Collection/Analysis of Successful Practices •Learning from Experiences •Transferability (with or without modifications to suit local conditions) Modifications (Local Situation) Existing technology, regulations, financial mechanism, and stakeholder participation Output (Better Policies/Techniques) Improvements in: 1. Technology 2. Regulations 3. Institutions 4. Financial mechanisms 5. Stakeholder participation

Kitakyushu Initiative for a Clean Environment Support Local Initiatives for Tangible Outputs “Scan Globally and Reinvent Locally” • Networking (Information sharing among cities and other stakeholders) • Lessons Learnt (Successful Practices) • Pilot activities (Local Initiatives)

Section - II

Database

Overall Urban Environmental Management City/Country Focal Point Jeju Daegu Dalian (China) Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam) Restoration of severely polluted and damaged streams Tearing-Down-Walls Campaign Removal and modification of polluting industries Promotion of cleaner production Jiangyin (China) Ningbo (China) Surabaya (Indonesia) Taiyuan (China) Yantai (China) Zhang Jiagang (China) Structural adjustment in urban environmental management Integrated urban environmental policies Comprehensive Kampung Improvement (Model for community participation) Cleaner production National Model City for Environmental Protection Integrating environment and economy (Three First System) Zhenjiang (China) Environmental information disclosure system

Municipal Solid Waste Management City/Country Focal Point Nonthaburi (Thailand) Dhaka (Bangladesh) Surabaya (Indonesia) Community Awareness in Recycling and Solid Waste Management Innovation in community-driven composting Integrated sustainable approach to waste management

Water Supply and Wastewater Management City/Country Cartagena (Colombia) Cordoba (Argentina) Johor Bahru (Malaysia) Manila (Philippines) Macao (China) Focal Point Public-Private Partnerships in Water and Sanitation Public-Private Partnerships in Urban Water (Concession Contracts) Public-Private Partnerships in Bulk Water Supply Public-Private Partnerships in Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Public-Private Partnerships in Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Wastewater management Weihai (China) Rongcheng (China) Water management models Shenzhen (China) Construction and operation of environmental infrastructure

Air Quality Management City/Country Focal Point Bangkok (Thailand) Integrated urban air quality management Kathmandu (Nepal) Role of Government, private sector and civic society in promoting battery operated electric three wheelers in Kathmandu, Nepal Kitakyushu (Japan) Coexistance of industry and community Singapore De-coupling of urban mobility need from environmental degradation in Singapore Singapore Chongqing (China) Guiyang (China) Lanzhou (China) United Kingdom Successful experiences in containing environmental problems from transportation SO 2 pollution control Strategies for air pollution control Special program on air pollution Local air quality management

Section - III

Analysis

Dhaka 1 Features: • Population and growth rate • Water and sanitation 6.61 million (5.52%) 80% and 44% • Solid waste management: Generation 4750 t/d Collection 50.3% Landfill Illegal dumping 1540 t/d (Matualil) + 380 t/d (Mirpur) 2400 t/d Recycling Composting 140 t/d (at source) + 290 t/d (scavengers) 2 t/d by Waste Concerns (NGO)

Dhaka 2 • Innovative Composting Objective: To overcome conventional constraint of compost material, being used at small scale due to its quality and marketing beyond the generation limits • 1.

2.

Methodology: Agreement with Map Agro Ltd. Bangladesh To enrich the compost in accordance with the soil and crop demands and also to market throughout the country Agreement with a local NGO (PROSHIKA) for organic farming This NGO buys the compost for organic farming and sells the products at three outlets in the city

Dhaka 3 Lessons: • Urban Planning: Primary to final disposal sites and process • Regulatory: Regulations on solid waste management including hazardous and industrial waste • Institutional: Proper human and physical resources • Financial: Charge system (MBI) to promote proper waste disposal as well as to cover the costs. However, due to larger poor community, a good subsidy system (from other sources) could also be added to cover the costs • Public participation: Public participation in primary collection, including segregation for recycling and compost materials, is very important. Moreover, the awareness to share the costs for final disposal is also very important to implement the regulations.

Metro Manila 1 Targets for PPP based concession agreement: •Non-revenue water to decrease from 56% to 32% in 10 years.

•The one third of service area for the poorest.

•Wastewater program to attain over 80% coverage within 25-year.

•24 hour service (WHO standards) within 10 years •No increase in real tariff. •Non-revenue water to decrease from 56% to 32% within 10 years •$7.5b to be invested to with in 25 years •Upstream treatment plants to be managed/financed by concessionaires Water Supply Gravity (sanitation) Sewerage (sanitation) Total (sanitation) 67% 7% 7% 92% 7% 26% 33% 97% 10% 23% 33% 98% 17% 21% 38% 98% 23% 24% 47% 98% 33% 22% 55%

Metro Manila 2 Outcomes: •The privatization process was highly successful and speedy •There is no pressure on the public sector funds •Unaccounted-for-water was reduced considerably •The crises due to El Nino effect (drought) was managed well Lessons: •Urban Planning: Interconnection agreement for two concessionaires was not resolved •Regulatory: Regulatory body was not in place •Institutional: Bulk water rights and trading in MWSS •Financial: The community sees a sharp increase in tariff; however, devaluation and high debt for MWSS is a factor.

•Public participation: Public hearing prior to raise the tariffs.

Bangkok 1 Air Quality Management: Transport Sector Year • Before 1984 • 1984 • 1989 • 1991 • 1992 • 1994 • 1996 Lead content( gm / liter ) 0.84

0.45

0.40

premium ULG available 0.15

phase out regular leaded gasoline phase out premium leaded gasoline Year • Before 1993 • 1993 • 1996 • 1999 Sulfur content (% by weight) < 1.0 % < 0.5 % < 0.25 % < 0.05 %

Bangkok 2 Major actions: • Vapor recovery system by July recovery system by July 2001 • After 1996, annual vehicle inspection for passenger vehicles (above 7 years old) and motor cycles (above 5 years old) • Electricity operated sky train for mass transit since 1999 • Sub-way will be operated from 2003 (2004) • All new gasoline cars to install Catalytic converters • Most of the taxis and trucks converted to LPG • All in-use buses and trucks are subjected to inspections during annual registration renewals • Penalty on polluter vehicles during surprise inspections • Public awareness campaigns • Training of mechanics of repair and maintenance garages • Monitoring stations for continuous monitoring

Bangkok 3 Lessons: • Urban Planning: Zoning and land-use, especially for mass transit system (sub-way, sky trains, and bus lanes) • Regulatory: Appropriate standards for fuel and vehicles • Institutional: Clear role of PCD and BMA • Financial: Economic incentives for cleaner technologies and fuels, and penalty on the polluters • Technology: proper monitoring stations and proper vehicle repair garages • Public participation: Public campaigns to promote the proper implementation of the regulations and use of mass transit system

LAQM in UK 1 • The local air quality management (LAQM) framework in the UK was initiated by the Environment Act 1995, Part IV • Part of national air quality management (NAQS): policies with respect to the assessment and management of local air quality • Air quality regulations 1997 based on the ambient air quality assessment and management directive 96/62/EC (Daughter Directives of EU) • First Daughter Directives came into force in 1July 1999, establishing legally binding limits for SO2, NO2, particles, and lead to be achieved by 2005 and 2010. The proposal on 4 th Daughter Directives (heavy metals and PAHs) were adapted in July 2003

LAQM in UK 2

Pollutant Air Quality Objective Concentration 1 Measured as

Benzene (All authorities) Authorities in England and Wales Authorities in Scotland and NI 1,3 Butadiene Carbon monoxide Lead Nitrogen dioxide Particles (PM Particles (PM 10 All authorities Sulphur dioxide 10 1 ) (gravimetric) ) (gravimetric) Authorities in Scotland only 3 2 2 16.25  g/m 3 5  g/m 3 3.25  g/m 3 2.25  g/m 3 10.0 mg/m 3 0.5  g/m 3 0.25  g/m 3 200  g/m 3 <18 times/year 40  g/m 3 50  g/m 3 < 35 times/year 40  g/m 3 350  g/m 3 125  g/m 3 <24 times/ year < 3 times/year 266  g/m 3 < 35 times/year 50  g/m 3 < 7 times/year 18  g/m 3 running annual mean annual mean running annual mean running annual mean running 8-hour mean annual mean annual mean 1 hour mean annual mean 24 hour mean annual mean 1 hour mean 24 hour mean 15 minute mean 24 hour mean annual mean

Date to be achieved by

31.12.2003

31.12.2010

31.12.2010

31.12.2003

31.12.2003

31.12.2004

31.12.2008

31.12.2005

31.12.2005

31.12.2004

31.12.2004

31.12.2004

31.12.2004

31.12.2005

31.12.2010

31.12.2010

LAQM in UK 3

LAQM in UK 4

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Overall Policy Related Lessons Political will and public will are the most crucial elements, as hard decisions, having temporary hardships, should be taken and implemented Communities can put pressure leading towards environmental management decision-making Zoning and infrastructure development are the fundamentals for improving current and future environmental quality Success of public-private partnerships require strong regulatory setup Regulations and institutions constitute the basis for UEM, where a mix of economic and command and control measures, with clear jurisdiction are required Appropriate technology should be explored in accordance to local problems

Recommendations 1. For overall UEM: the capacity of local governments should be strengthening through an active support for national and international agencies as well as through an active local stakeholder participation 2. For SWM: recycling and composting through segregation at source, and integration of various informal and formal initiatives/actions are vital 3. For UWM: involvement of private sector and communities at various levels of production and management as well as strengthening the regulatory role of the government 4. For UAQM: phasing out of leaded gasoline, strengthening the local capacity, and a mix regulatory and economic instruments are vital

Section - IV

Conclusions and Considerations

Conclusions 1. There is no universal recipe, which can work well for all the cities, or for all times in the same city 2. There are quite a few good “examples” those can be transferred with little modification, including phasing out of leaded gasoline, segregation of recycling waste at source and integration of formal and informal sector, voluntary agreements to start effective UEM, and stakeholder participation in decision making and various activities including provision of the services 3. Try to avoid finding ready-made solutions without analyzing the local conditions

Future Considerations The major limitations, so far, for our SP are: 1. Their scope and transferability into local actions/policies 2. Involvement of local partners in collection and analysis of “successful practices” Considerations: 1. Promotion of city-to-city level cooperation for learning from their experiences 2. Single format to be adapted for SP database with one section on the transferability, with the assistance from the local stakeholders 3. There may be some monitoring process to see how “successful practices” are being transformed into “local actions/policies”