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How Risky is It? An assessment of the relative risk of engaging in potentially unsafe driving behaviors AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety • Established in 1947 • 501 (c)(3) Not-For-Profit • Research affiliate of AAA/CAA • North American Focus Mission • Identify traffic safety problems • Foster research that seeks solutions • Disseminate information and educational materials Funded through the generosity of and its members Published December 2006 Prepared by: Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Available online at: www.aaafoundation.org Purpose of Study • Perform additional analysis of data collected under previous 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study to investigate impacts of various behaviors on crash risk • Behaviors studied: – – – – speeding drowsy driving aggressive driving distracted driving The 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study • $3 Million study sponsored by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Virginia DOT, and Virginia Tech • Conducted by Virginia Tech Transportation Institute • Collected unprecedented level of driving data pre-crash and normal driving behavior 100-Car Study “Naturalistic” Approach • Used in-vehicle camera and custom-built advanced “black box” to monitor drivers – 100 equipped vehicles – 12-13 months of data collection, no “experimenter” present – Subjects not “coached,” instructed to drive “as usual” – Instrumentation was unobtrusive and inconspicuous to other drivers, but not invisible – NHTSA-sponsored work indicates subjects’ driving was uninfluenced by in-vehicle monitoring after the first few hours (out of 12-13 months) 100-Car Study Equipment Driver Face Camera Forward Road Camera “Black Box” 100-Car Study Camera Views 100-Car Study Camera Views 100-Car Study Participants • 109 primary drivers – – – – – – – – – Ages 18-68 60% male, 40% female Recruited in Washington DC & Northern VA Range from “very safe” to “very unsafe” Wide range of driving mileage Drove on all road classes Mostly urban & suburban driving, some rural Drove sedans and SUVs Also 132 secondary drivers 100-Car Study Database Statistics Captured data on: • • 42,300 hours and ~2 million miles of driving 82 Crashes and collisions – • 761 Near crashes – • Defined as a conflict situation requiring a rapid, severe evasive maneuver to avoid a crash 8,295 Incidents – • Defined as any contact between the subject vehicle and another vehicle, object, pedestrian, cyclist, or animal Conflict requiring an evasive maneuver, but of less magnitude than a near crash 20,000 normal baseline driving epochs – To compare driver behavior during normal driving to behavior leading up to crashes, near crashes, and incidents This Study • Investigated the frequency with which drivers engage in various potentially risky behaviors during ordinary driving and immediately prior to crashes, nearcrashes, and incidents • Analyzed the impacts of various behaviors on the risk of being involved in a crash or near-crash Results – Frequency of Behaviors Behavior Inappropriate Speed (faster than surrounding traffic) Crashes & Near-crashes Baseline epochs 8.8% 2.6% Drowsy 12.5% 4.3% Aggressive Driving 17.6% 3.0% Eyes Off Road (longer than 2 seconds) 24.5% 14.1% Results – Risk of Crash or Near Crash Behavior Odds Ratio Inappropriate Speed (faster than surrounding traffic) 2.9 (95% CI: 1.7 – 4.8) Drowsy 2.9 (95% CI: 2.0 – 4.3) Aggressive Driving 2.1 (95% CI: 1.3 – 3.4) Eyes Off Road (longer than 2 seconds) 1.9 (95% CI: 1.4 – 2.5) Note: Odds of crash or near-crash with behavior present vs. absent; computed using logistic regression to control for other behaviors; odds ratio > 1 indicates increased risk Conclusions • The odds of being involved in a crash are nearly tripled when driving while drowsy or driving faster than surrounding traffic. • The odds of being involved in a crash are approximately doubled when driving aggressively or when looking away from the road for longer than 2 seconds. For more information on the 100-Car Study, please go to: http://www.vtti.vt.edu and click on 100-Car Study Or go to: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/departments/nrd13/newDriverDistraction.html For more information about this study sponsored by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, please go to: www.aaafoundation.org The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety is a 501(c)(3) public charity located in Washington, DC that is dedicated to saving lives and reducing injuries. It is supported by donations from AAA/CAA Clubs, AAA/CAA members, and other organizations associated with AAA/CAA.