Transcript Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Bishop Allen Health and Physical Education
Agenda
Introduction: What are STI’S?
- How to know if you have an infection?
Topics that will be discussed for each STI: - What does each STI look like?
- How do you get them?
- What are the symptoms?
- How do you treat them?
What if it’s left untreated?
- Can they be cured?
- How can they be prevented?
- What are the statistics?
What is an STI?
An STI is any infection/disease transmitted by sexual intercourse or sexual contact. They can be a virus or a bacterial infection.
Sexually transmitted infections can affect men and women from all backgrounds and economic levels.
In Canada, the highest rates, and increases in STIs are in young people ages 15 – 24.
It can happen to you. Teens have the greatest chance of getting an STI, especially if they have unprotected, and unsafe sex.
Continued…
Here are the STI’s that we will discuss: - Chlamydia; - Gonorrhea; - Syphilis; - Genital Warts; - Herpes Simplex 2; - Crabs (pubic lice) and Scabies (mites) - Hepatitis B - AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
How to know if you have an infection?
Some people with an STI have few or no symptoms at all; others have very obvious symptoms.
Be aware of any changes in your health, or symptoms such as: - different or heavier discharge from the vagina - discharge from the penis - a burning feeling when urinating - sores, particularly in the genital or anal areas - itchy feeling around the sex organs or anus - appearance of a rash - swollen glands in the groin
Continued…
These symptoms might appear alone, or in combination.
Having a symptom doesn’t mean you have an STI, but if you are having sex and taking chances, you should see a health professional for a check-up.
Genital Warts
What is it?
-
It is caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
What does it look like?
Genital Warts Cont’d…
How do you get them?
-
Through contact with bumps or warts during vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse.
Can pass on to newborns if mother is infected.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms show up 2-3 months after sex, but may take years. Sometimes no symptoms are present.
Painless yellow cauliflower bumps, warts, on genitals, rectum (rectal areas) and internally on the cervix.
Itching or burning around sex organs.
Genital Warts Cont’d…
How do you treat them?
- Removal of surface warts by medicine or burning.
Can they be cured?
- No, wart virus stays in your body and warts can come back.
What happens if left untreated?
- Can grow larger, spread to new areas on the body, becomes more difficult to remove.
- Can lead to cervical cancer.
Genital Warts Cont’d…
How can they be prevented?
Abstinence (No sex!) Refrain from any genital contact with another individual.
Be in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship with an uninfected partner .
Reduce # of partners Use a condom, it reduces the risk, but can still catch them.
Genital Warts Cont’d…
How can they be prevented?
- There is a vaccine that has been approved for use in Canada for females 9-26 years of age.
- Recommendation for use was released in February 2007 by the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI).
- Primary age group recommended for vaccination according to NACI is females aged 9 to 13.
- Protects against cervical cancers and anogenital warts.
Genital Warts Cont’d…
What are the statistics?
HPV infections of the genital area are extremely common (The center for Health and Health Care in Schools, 2007).
Estimated that 75% of Canadians will have at least one HPV infection in their lifetime.
An estimated 3-9 million people become infected with HPV in Canada.
Genital Warts Stats. Cont’d…
In Canada it is estimated that: the highest rated of HPV infection are found in people under the age of 25.
2% of sexually active young women have genital warts.
the prevalence for cancer-causing types of HPV in different groups of women ranges from 11% - 25% (The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, 2007).
Genital Warts Stats. Cont’d…
Initial visits to physicians’ offices: United States, 1966 –2006
HIV/AIDS
What is it? -
A viral infection that attacks and damages the immune system, thus weakening the body’s ability to fight infections, caused mostly by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
HIV/AIDS Cont’d…
What does it look like?
HIV/AIDS Cont’d…
A.I.D.S. – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome – is believed to be caused by different types of a very small virus called H.I.V. – Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus. Like all viruses, HIV is made of genes wrapped up in a coat of protein. But unlike the majority of viruses and other organisms, its genetic coding is made of RNA (Ribo-Nucleic Acid) coiled at the core instead of DNA. Its coat is made of two layers of proteins inside a fatty surface layer with glycoproteins (proteins with sugars attached) embedded in it.
In the core along with the RNA are some molecules of an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, that the virus uses to reproduce itself. This the virus associated with AIDS – a very simple organism called a retrovirus that requires special cells from the human immune system (T4 ‘helper’ cells) to multiply itself.
HIV/AIDS Cont’d…
How do you get it?
-
Through vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse with someone infected with the virus.
Through sharing unsterile needles.
Through blood transfusions.
1 in 3 chance that HIV passes on to newborns if mother is infected
HIV/AIDS Cont’d…
What are the symptoms?
skin changes (purplish blotches, bumps, rashes), weight loss, fever, diarrhea, extreme fatigue, loss of appetite, persistent dry cough swollen glands, whites spots in mouth area, shortness of breath.
These symptoms can be other diseases.
Symptoms do not disappear and will progress.
Symptoms may not show up for years, but yet they can transmit the disease to others.
HIV/AIDS Cont’d…
How do you treat it?
-
Only qualified health professionals can diagnose and care for persons with AIDS.
A blood test shows HIV infection.
Has no vaccine.
Medicine can slow down HIV.
Antiretroviral drugs inhibit the growth and replication of HIV at various stages of its life cycle. Treatments focus on the secondary diseases which result due to the body’s weakened state.
HIV/AIDS
Can it be cured? No cure!!
What happens if left untreated?
-
Will lead to HIV, which may lead to AIDS.
A person with HIV can look healthy, but still can pass the disease on to others through blood and body fluids.
Weakens the immune system, can develop threatening diseases that healthy people could fight off.
LEADS TO DEATH.
HIV/AIDS
How can it be prevented?
Practice abstinence (No Sex! No Drugs!).
Responsible sex behaviour.
No risky sex or drug behaviours.
Education.
Voluntary testing and counselling.
Not cheating (on partner).
Testing and counselling of partner(s)
HIV/AIDS Cont’d…
What are the statistics?
Toronto has the highest number (~ 15000) of people that have tested positive of HIV in Ontario. (United Way, 2006)
HIV/AIDS Stats. Cont’d…
Research proved that the number of persons living with HIV in Canada is rising, from an estimated 40,000 in 1996 to 56,000 in 2002. In the case of AIDS, analysts are concerned that this group will grow more and more. The virus itself changes quickly, mutating, creating new strains which is hard to detect. No cure or vaccine exists for the killer virus.
HIV/AIDS Stats. Cont’d…
In 2004, there were 2,529 positive test results. From the start of testing in November 1985 until the end of June 2005, there have been 58,929 positive HIV tests reported to the Centre for Infectious (Disease Prevention and Control) Men who have sex with men, are the most infected AIDS group in Canada.
HIV/AIDS Stats. Cont’d…
Males have a higher number of positive HIV test results than women from year to year.
Chlamydia
What is it?
It is a bacterial infection.
What does it look like?
Chlamydia Cont’d…
How do you get it?
- Through vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse.
- Can pass on to newborns if mother is infected.
Chlamydia Cont’d…
What are the symptoms?
Males:
Painful urination and watery discharge, some have no symptoms.
Chlamydia Treatment Cont’d…
Females
: Itching, burning, discharge, dull pelvic pain, bleeding between periods but some have no symptoms.
Chlamydia Cont’d…
How can it be treated?
It can be treated through antibiotics (tetracycline), there is a 80% chance that it will reoccur.
Can it be cured?
Yes, it is curable.
Chlamydia Cont’d…
-
What happens if left untreated?
Can damage the reproductive organs.
May lead to sterility.
Complications can occur, such as: - Prostatitis: inflammation of the prostate.
- Epididymitis: inflammation of the epididymis (may cause scarring which may result in sterility).
- Salpingitis: inflammation of the fallopian tubes (may cause scarring which may result in ectopic (tubal) pregnancy and/or sterility) - Newborns can develop eye infections and pneumonia.
Chlamydia Cont’d…
How can it be prevented?
Abstinence (No Sex!) Responsible sex behaviour.
Avoid sexual contact with individuals with genital pain or discharges.
Use condoms (rubbers) during (start to finish) sexual intercourse to reduce risks of infection.
Gonorrhea
What is it?
It is a bacterial infection.
What does it look like?
Gonorrhea Cont’d…
How do you get it?
-
Through vaginal, oral, anal intercourse.
- Can pass on to newborn if mother is infected.
Gonorrhea Cont’d…
What are the symptoms?
- vaginal bleeding, - yellow greenish discharge from vaginal or penis, - pain or burning sensation when urinating - sometimes no symptoms in both males and females.
Gonorrhea Cont’d…
How can it be treated?
- Need to get antibiotics, such as tetracycline, penicillin, or ampicillin.
Can it be cured?
- Yes it can by taking antibiotics.
Gonorrhea Cont’d…
What happens if left untreated?
- Can damage reproductive organs - Sterility - Heart disease - Skin disease - Arthritis - Blindness in newborns.
Gonorrhea Cont’d…
How can it be prevented?
- Abstinence (No Sex!) - Responsible sexual behaviour - Avoid sexual contact with individuals with genital pain or discharges - Prompt urination after intercourse may help males, but don’t count on it - Use condoms during sexual intercourse to reduce risks of infection.
Crabs (Pubic Lice)
What is it?
It is tiny flea-like insects (lice) which infest the pubic hair (hair on the outside of the genital area).
What does it look like?
Crabs (Pubic Lice) Cont’d…
How do you get it?
- Skin to skin contact - Touching infested bedding or clothing - Can pass on to newborns if mother is infected.
Crabs (Pubic Lice) Cont’d…
What are the symptoms?
- Itching in the genital area (caused by the lice sucking blood), - pin head blood spots on underwear, - rash all over, - skin inflammation, - mild fever
Crabs (Pubic Lice) Cont’d…
How can it be treated?
- Over the counter medications, - Prescription medications, - Shampoos
Is it curable?
- Yes it is through medications.
Crabs (Pubic Lice) Cont’d…
What happens if left untreated?
- Can lead to raw, irritated skin, rashes and possible infections.
- scratching may spread the disease to other parts of the body.
Crabs (Pubic Lice) Cont’d…
How can it be prevented?
- Abstinence (No Sex!), - Responsible sex behaviour, - Avoid sexual contact with individuals with genital itching and irritation, - Use condoms during sexual intercourse to reduce risks of infection.
What is it?
- It is a bacterial infection.
What does it look like?
Stage 1:
How do you get it?
- Though vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse, but it is most contagious if sores are present.
- Can pass on to newborns if mother is infected.
What are the symptoms?
- Stage 1: (10-90 days after sex) painless sores on genital, rectal or mouth area.
- Stage 2: (4 weeks to 6 months after sex) sores go away, skin rash develops, flu-like symptoms.
- Stage 3: (10-30 years later) may have severe illness.
- Some people have no symptoms.
Stage 2: severe skin rash
How can it be treated?
- Can be treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin
Is it curable?
- It is curable but any organ damage is permanent.
What happens if left untreated?
Can cause heart disease - damage to the nervous system - brain damage (kills brain cells) - can cause mental illness - leads to severe and painful body rashes - blindness - death
How can it be prevented?
Abstinence (No Sex!) - Responsible sex behaviour - Avoid sexual contact with individuals with sores on genitals, and mouth, - Use condoms during sexual intercourse to reduce risks of infection.
Herpes Simplex 2
What is it?
- A viral infection What does it look like?
Herpes Simplex 2 Cont’d...
How do you get it?
- Through vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse, or contact the infectious sores.
- Can pass on to newborns if mother is infected (require a C section for delivery if not can get a fetal brain infection).
Herpes Simplex 2 Cont’d...
What are the symptoms?
may show up 4-20 days after sex - flu-like feelings - small painful blisters on the sex organs or mouth that come and go - itching or burning before blisters appear
Herpes Simplex 2 Cont’d...
Symptoms Cont’d…
- blisters last 1-3 weeks - cold sores on mouth can be passed to genitals or sores on genitals to the mouth - may appear inside the vagina on the cervix - Sometimes no symptoms
Herpes Simplex 2 Cont’d...
How can it be treated?
- Antiviral pills make the sores heal faster (e.g. acyclovir) Is it curable?
- There is no cure, the Herpes virus stays in your body even after sores heal up
Herpes Simplex 2 Cont’d...
What happens if left untreated?
- Virus never leaves your body - even if you don’t have sores, you can still pass it to your partner - Some girls don’t know they have sores in their vagina - Sores may disappear, but may outbreak at any time, especially when under stress - opens sores increase the risk of transmitting HIV
Herpes Simplex 2 Cont’d...
How can it be prevented?
Abstinence (No Sex!) - Responsible sex behaviour - Avoid sexual contact with individuals with sores on genitals, and mouth - Use condoms during sexual intercourse to reduce risks of infection.
Herpes Simplex 2 Cont’d...
What are the statistics?
One in every five sexually active Americans has the virus.
Hepatitis B
What is it?
- A viral infection of the liver.
What does it look like?
This female Cambodian patient presented with a distended abdomen due to a hepatoma resulting from chronic hepatitis B infection.
Hepatitis B Cont’d…
How do you get it?
Kissing - Vaginal, oral, or especially anal sex - Can pass on to newborns if mother is infected.
- sharing drug needles
Hepatitis B Cont’d…
How can you get it Cont’d…
- having a tattoo or body piercing done with dirty tools that were used on someone else - getting pricked with a needle that has infected blood on it (health care workers can get hepatitis B this way) - living with someone who has hepatitis B - sharing a toothbrush or razor with an infected person - traveling to countries where hepatitis B is common
Hepatitis B Cont’d…
What are the symptoms?
loss of appetite - nausea - vomiting - stomach pain - weakness
Hepatitis B Cont’d…
Symptoms Cont’d… - yellowing of the skin or white part of the eye - dark urine and light stool - diarrhea may go undiagnosed because symptoms are like the flu - in some cases no symptoms are present
Hepatitis B Cont’d…
How can it be treated?
A drug called interferon
on). It is given through shots. Most people are treated for 4 months.
- A drug called lamivudine
(in-ter-FEAR (la-MIV-you deen). You take it by mouth once a day. Treatment is usually for one year. Hepatitis B is treated through shots of medicine.
- A drug called adefovir dipivoxil
DEH-foh-veer dih-pih-VOX-ill). You take it by mouth once a day. Treatment is usually for one year.
(uh-
Hepatitis B Cont’d…
How can it be treated Cont’d…
- Surgery.
Over time, hepatitis B may cause your liver to stop working. If that happens, you will need a liver transplant. It involves taking out the old, damaged liver and putting in a new, healthy one from a donor.
Is it curable?
- no cure, symptoms can disappear, but you may stay contagious
Hepatitis B Cont’d…
What happens if left untreated?
- will affect the liver and all body functions - can lead to liver cancer and cirrhosis - can remain a carrier and pass on through blood and body fluids - may attack the immune system
Hepatitis B Cont’d…
How can it be prevented?
- there is a vaccine for prevention - Abstinence (No Sex!) use a condom when you have sex - don’t share drug needles with anyone - wear gloves if you have to touch anyone’s blood - don’t use an infected person’s toothbrush, razor, or anything else that could have blood on it - make sure any tattooing or body piercing is done with clean tools
Trichomoniasis
What is it?
- It is an infection caused by a parasite!
What does it look like?
Trichomoniasis
How do you get it?
By having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with a person who already has it - The parasite can live on wet objects for a few hours so it can also be passed through infected towels, toilet seats, and saunas
Trichomoniasis cont’d…
What are the symptoms?
Women: Men: Discharge from the Vagina that is green or yellow and - Discharge from the vagina that smells like fish especially after sex - Itching red or sore vagina - Pain during intercourse and when urinating Small amount of discharge from the penis - Burning or itching at the opening of the penis - Burning feeling in penis after intercourse - Pain when urinating -
No symptoms at all!
Trichomoniasis Cont’d…
How can it be treated?
It is treated with one dose of a drug called Flagyl.
- Pregnant women should not take this drug.
- You will need a follow up test like with most other STI’s in order to know that it is gone
In Conclusion, there are many STIs and many things to worry about with regards to sexual activity.
Remember: •
The only sure way to avoid STIs is through Abstinence(No Sex!)
• Also consider: - Responsible sexual behaviour - Using condoms during sexual intercourse to reduce risks of infection.