Transcript Authority services Interthesaurus correlations

Modelling Intellectual Processes:
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
CIDOC 2006
Martin Doerr*, Patrick LeBoeuf**
* Center for Cultural Informatics
Institute of Computer Science
Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas
** Bibliotheque National de France,
Paris, France
Gothenburg, Sweden
September 12, 2006
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
1
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
The Global Information Integration Problem
 Dublin Core is inadequate for integration:
 Mainly identification and access information (library format, finding aids)
 No context analysis, no place of creation, fails to describe complex
information structures and correlations
 Core ontologies describing the semantics of metadata schemata are
the most effective tool to drive global information integration:
 As “superschema” wide enough to integrate complementary info (“local
as view”), not as least common denominator
As virtual intermediate for “cross-walks”, info migration
 Is there a virtual global schema? Dublin Core suggests that. The CRM
has shown it for museums.
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
2
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
Problem: Cross-walks need a common ontology
Dublin Core
CIDOC CRM
DC.Identifier: Louvre INV.779
DC.Type:
Image
E19 Physical Object
CIDOC CRM
E19 Image
DOI:10.9876/MonaLisa.jpg
Louvre INV.779
Physical Object
FRBR
Manifestation.Id:
Louvre INV.779
Conceptual Object
FRBR
Expression.Id:
AAT
DOI:10.9876/MonaLisa.jpg
visual works
BT !
BT !
material objects can only
be at one place at a time!
paintings
electronic images
BT
Louvre INV.779
has type
BT
oil paintings
DOI:10.9876/MonaLisa.jpg
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
immaterial objects
reside on carriers!
has type
digital images
3
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
Library and Museum Information
The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) is a core ontology
aiming to integrate cultural heritage information.
 The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) is a
core ER model to integrate library information.
Libraries document literature in order to facilitate access to it.
 Museum objects are referred to and published in literature. Literature
describes the museum objects, their context and theories about and related
to them. Literature describes subjects that are exemplified or illustrated by
museum objects.
 Museum documentation classifies and describes museum objects, their
context and relevance. It refers to literature. Museums produce regularly
literature. Libraries may also produce literature.
 Libraries may document and curate rare objects as museums do.
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
4
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
Library and Museum Information
 Documentation tasks of museums and libraries overlap.
 Museum and library information has complex interrelations. Museum and
library information overlaps, and otherwise is different.
 Museums and libraries can learn from each others methodology.
 Research needs an integrated view on museum and library information
 There was no common conceptual model or machine-readable
language to integrate rich museum and library information. DC is good,
but often too simple. There is FRBR, FRAR, CIDOC CRM.
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
5
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
The Harmonization Project
 Formation in 2003 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC
CRM Harmonisation:
 A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group.
 To express the IFLA FRBR model with the concepts, ontological
methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM.
 To facilitate the integration, mediation and interchange of bibliographic
and museum information.
 After 7 meetings, a first complete draft of “FRBROO” for public comment.
Definition available as text in the format of the CRM.
 Other forms: A comprehensive text with all related CRM definitions and
complete mappings FRBRER to FRBROO, OWL/RDF files, VISIO graphics.
 Work continues with FRAR (Functional Requirements for Authority
Records)
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
6
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
CRM
 The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)
 developed since 1996 by CIDOC / ISO TC46, ISO 21127 by 2006
 a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural heritage information
 Innovations:
 centre descriptions not around the things, but around the events that
connect people, material and immaterial things in space-time.
 explicit description of the discourse on relations between identifiers and
the identified.
 typologies modeled both as classification means and as objects of the
cultural-historical discourse.
 Lacks: a model of intellectual work
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
7
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
CRM: history as meetings
t
coherence volume of
second announcement
Victory!!!
coherence volume of
first announcement
other
Soldiers
2nd Athenian
Victory!!!
1st Athenian
runner
coherence volume of
the battle of
Marathon
Marathon
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
Athens
S
8
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
FRBR
The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)
 developed 1992-1997 by IFLA, now being complemented by the Functional
Requirements for Authority Files (FRAR)
 A core ER model to integrate library objects by content relation
 Intended to formulate a new library practice
 Innovations:
 Definition of stages/ abstraction levels of intellectual products: Work,
Expression, Manifestation, Item.
 Clusters publications and items around the notion of derivation and
common conceptual origin across stages / abstraction levels.
 Lacks: any explicit notion of the processes behind. Partially
ambiguous definitions (overgeneralization).
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
9
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
FRBR : Abstraction Levels
has part
“a distinct intellectual or artistic creation…
there is no single material object
one can point to as the work...”
Work
is realized through
(is a realization of)
has part
“the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the
form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic
Expression
notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc”
is embodied in
(is the embodiment of )
“the physical embodiment of an expression of a
work…all the physical objects that bear the same
characteristics…
…may be only a single physical exemplar…”
“a single exemplar of a manifestation...”
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
Manifestation
has part
has a complement
has a successor
has a summary
has a supplement
has a transformation
has adaptation
has an imitation
has a complement
has a successor
has a summary
has a supplement
has a transformation
has adaptation
has an imitation
is exemplified by
(exemplifies )
Item
has part
10
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
Results – clarification of key concepts
The substance of Work is concepts (the
idea).
E28 Conceptual Object
Only through the comprehension of the
concepts derivation is possible.
F1Work
Complex Work: Continuation, possibly by
F46 Individual Work
others.
F48 Container Work
F21 Complex Work
F43 Publication Work
E73 Information Object
The substance of Expression is signs
(the text).
F2 Expression
An Expression can be “complete”.
The kinds of signs/features that
identify an Expression depend on
the function.
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
F20 Self-contained Expression
F41 Publication Expression
F23 Expression
Fragment
11
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
Results – clarification of key concepts
E55 Type
immaterial
Manifestation Product Type is a class
of like items (the publication)
F3 Manifestation Product Type
An Item is single exemplar of a Manifestation
Product Type.
An Manifestation Singleton is an “original”.
It may be a feature (e.g. Inscription)
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
E84 Information Carrier
Item
E24 PhysicalMan-Made Stuff
material
Manifestation
Singleton
12
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
Results: The “externalization” process
E65
Creation
E28
Conceptual
Object
E12
Production
F31 Expression
Creation
R49 created a
realization of
F1 Work
F3 Manifestation
Production Type
R9 comprises
carriers of
F2 Expression
R22
created
R45 created
F21 Complex
Work
R56 is realized
in
F46 Individual
F20 Self Contained
Work
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
F40 Carrier
Production
Event
Expression
F23 Expression
Fragment
R41 produced
(was produced by)
E24
Physical
Man-Made
Thing
E84
Information
Carrier
R10 belongs
to type
F4 Manifestation
Singleton
F5 Item
13
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
Results – “container work”
The collected expressions
are integral part of the container
The Container Work adds Expression:
may cause Work with empty expression
F48 Container Work &
F46 Individual Work
F48 Container Work
R13 is realized in
(realises)
R13 is realized in
(realises)
Overall Expression
Additional Expression
<Additional Expr.>
Expression of Work X
Expression of Work Y
inconsistent
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
R13 is realized
in
Work X R13 is realized
in
Work X
Expression of Work X
Expression of Work Y
consistent
14
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
Publication Work - An Identity Crisis
F43 Publication Work
“Oliver Twist”
Publication Concept
F21 Complex Work
“Oliver Twist” Idea
R12 has member
(is mem ber of)
F46 Individual Work
“Oliver Twist” Completed
R56 is realized in
(r ealises)
R56 is re alized in
Publisher’s Level
F45 Publication Event
“Oliver Twist” published!
(real ises)
R11B forms part of
(is composed of)
F20 Self-Contained Expression
“Oliver Twist” Text
F41 Publication Expression
“Oliver Twist”
Publication content
CLR5 should carry
(should be carr ied by)
Author’s Level
F3 Manifestation-Product Type
“Oliver Twist” Publication
F4 ManifestationSingleton
“Oliver Twist” Manuscript
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
R10B is type of
(belongs to type)
F5 Item
“Oliver Twist”
20th Book
R55 created produ ction plan
(was created by)
F39 Production Plan
“Oliver Twist” Plan
R39B was followed by
(foll owed)
F40 Carrier
Production Event
“Oliver Twist”
Printing
15
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
Results summary
 Topics solved:
—
—
—
Explicit modeling of the processes behind FRBR attributes.
—
Expression fragments, parts, aggregates and collections: criteria of completeness,
containment, reuse and intellectual contribution.
—
—
What is the contribution and product of the publisher.
—
The equivalence of electronic and material publishing.
The substance of Work, Expression and Manifestation
Conception of a Work. What is its identity, its parts? Can a work be continued by other
persons? Can it contain other Work, and in which sense?
What is the first realization of a work in a symbolic form? What is the role of a manuscript,
of a digital file, a written diskette in that process?
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
16
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization
Conclusions
 The combined model CRM – FRBROO:
 Is a coherent model of museum and library conceptualization
 On one side enriches the CIDOC CRM with notions of the stages of
intellections creation and refines its model of identifiers and the associated
discourse.
 On the other side, it makes available to FRBR the general model of historical
events of the CRM.
 clarifies and makes explicit many notions more vaguely specified in FRBR
 Further work:
 FRAR (Authority records),
 modeling equivalence with performing arts.
SEE: http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr
ICS-FORTH December 5, 2005
17