Transcript Document

Improved Techniques for Saving Energy,
Cutting Costs and Simplifying Work
ISA Norcal TECH 2005
California Maritime Academy
May 4-5, 2005
Charlie Middleton, PG&E Senior Chemical Engineer
Tel. (415) 973-4008, [email protected]
Don Amuzie, PG&E Supervising Program Manager
Tel. (415) 973-6208, [email protected]
Rachel Diaz, PG&E Speakers’ Bureau Coordinator
Tel. (415) 973-1979, [email protected]
PG&E Energy Monitoring and
Analysis Tools
PG&E InterAct Metering, https://interact.pge.com/sap/newuser.asp.
PG&E Business Tools,
http://www.pge.com/biz/biztools.html.
Pacific Energy Center Tool Lending
Library,
http://www.pge.com/003_save_energy/003
c_edu_train/pec/toolbox/tll/tll_home.shtml.
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PG&E InterAct Metering
 For qualifying PG&E electric accounts with
interval metering.
 Tables and graphs of historical “raw” 15-minute
interval kW and kVAr data.
 Calculated interval kWh and power factor (p.f.)
data.
 Trending and forecasting of interval kW, kWh
and p.f. data for profiling energy loads and
troubleshooting system problems.
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4
InterAct Example
kW
kVAr
power factor (p.f.)
4/28/2005 7:00
407.0
233.9
0.87
4/28/2005 7:15
411.2
230.1
0.87
4/28/2005 7:30
420.8
235.8
0.87
4/28/2005 7:45
426.2
235.2
0.88
4/28/2005 8:00
426.2
235.2
0.88
4/28/2005 8:15
436.2
245.1
0.87
4/28/2005 8:30
445.4
247.4
0.87
4/28/2005 8:45
448.3
244.8
0.88
4/28/2005 9:00
459.8
247.0
0.88
4/28/2005 9:15
457.3
244.5
0.88
4/28/2005 9:30
463.7
249.0
0.88
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PG&E Business Tools
For qualifying PG&E nonresidential
electric and natural gas accounts.
Tables of historical “billed” monthly electric
peak, part-peak & off-peak period kW
demand and kWh consumption data.
Tables of historical “billed” monthly gas
consumption data.
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Pacific Energy Center
Tool Lending Library
Measurement tools and test instruments
for monitoring and analyzing energy loads;
troubleshooting system and equipment
problems; and developing and monitoring
energy efficiency, demand response and
self-generation projects.
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PG&E Energy Audits
Business Energy Survey Tool audits of
smaller businesses by PG&E account
teams.
Integrated Energy Audits of larger
businesses with complex equipment or
special needs: PG&E engineering
consultants assess the no & low-cost and
investment opportunities in energy
efficiency, demand response and selfgeneration.
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PG&E Energy Efficiency
Rebates and Incentives
Express Efficiency rebates for qualifying
electric/gas efficiency retrofits in smaller
businesses.
Peak 500 Plus rebates and Standard
Performance Contract incentives for
qualifying electric/gas efficiency retrofits in
larger businesses.
Savings by Design incentives for qualifying
efficient new-construction.
Multifamily property rebates for qualifying
electric/gas efficiency retrofits.
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Other PG&E Energy Efficiency
Initiatives
Community Energy Efficiency Partnerships
and 3rd Party Programs.
Pacific Energy Center in San Francisco,
Energy Training Center in Stockton, and
Food Service Technology Center in San
Ramon.
Codes and Standards, Emerging
Technologies and Building Operator
Certification Programs.
Energy Star Promotions.
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Energy Efficiency, Water Conservation and
Environmental Public-Private Partnerships
Association of Bay Area Governments
Green Business Programs.
StopWaste.org in Alameda County.
Targeted Opportunities to Prevent
Pollution in San Joaquin County.
Dept. of Energy Industrial Assessment
Centers in San Francisco State University
and Loyola-Marymount Engineering
Schools.
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Energy Efficiency and Best
Technology Opportunities
1. Consider the customer’s ideas and any
safety, vandalism and theft issues.
2. Turn off any extra equipment at all times.
3. Perform any scheduled or deferred
maintenance, repairs and tuning.
4. Check the design and performance of
the equipment and controls.
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Energy Efficiency and Best
Technology Opportunities (cont.)
5. Upgrade or replace any worn, broken,
obsolete, incorrectly sized or otherwise
inefficient equipment.
6. Optimize the equipment staging,
sequencing, schedules, pressures,
temperatures, flowrates and setpoints.
7. Re commission the facility.
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Energy Efficiency and Best
Technology Opportunities (cont.)
8. Optimize the lighting levels, fixtures and
controls.
9. Upgrade or replace any inefficient interior
& exterior lights such as incandescent,
halogen and mercury vapor lights (and
T12/other fluorescent lights with magnetic
ballasts) with efficient models.
10.Install Energy Star compact fluorescent
lamps (CFLs) and T5/T8 fluorescent
lights with electronic ballasts.
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Energy Efficiency and Best
Technology Opportunities (cont.)
11.Install efficient high-intensity discharge
(HID) lights such as high-pressure
sodium (HPS) lights and pulse-start,
metal halide (MH) lights.
12.Install photocells, timers, dimmers,
occupancy sensors and bi-level lighting.
13.Sweep off the main lights at night and
whenever the building is not occupied.
14.Consider daylighting, light surfaces,
shades and overhangs.
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Energy Efficiency and Best
Technology Opportunities (cont.)
15. Optimize the refrigeration and building HVAC,
shell, fenestration, and cold & hot water
equipment including compressors, chillers,
packaged HVAC units, air conditioners,
economizers, furnaces, cooling towers,
evaporative condensers, evaporators, boilers,
water heaters, heat exchangers, coolers,
freezers, pumps, fans, motors, tanks, piping,
ducting, insulation, and instrumentation &
controls.
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Energy Efficiency and Best
Technology Opportunities (cont.)
16. Insulate or re-insulate the walls, ceiling,
cold and hot tanks, piping and ducting.
17. Install window film.
18. Replace any inefficient single-pane
windows with efficient double-pane
windows.
19. Install premium-efficiency motors.
20. Install super-efficient, rare-earth,
permanent magnet motors.
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Energy Efficiency and Best
Technology Opportunities (cont.)
21. Cool the compatible areas or equipment
with outside air or cooling tower water
when feasible.
22. Increase the capacity of the
economizers, cooling towers and
evaporative condensers.
23. Upgrade the cooling tower fill.
24. Install side-stream filters on the cooling
towers and evaporative condensers.
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Energy Efficiency and Best
Technology Opportunities (cont.)
25. Float the head pressure in the
refrigeration system.
26. Upgrade the chemical treatment system.
27. Optimize the compressed and blown air,
pumping, process heating and cooling,
pneumatic, hydraulic, vacuum, mixing,
aeration, laboratory, warehouse, data
center and other facility equipment.
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Energy Efficiency and Best
Technology Opportunities (cont.)
28. Identify and repair any compressed air
leaks. Minimize the system operating
pressure by removing any bottlenecks,
staging and sequencing the
compressors, and increasing the air
storage capacity. Install a new main or
secondary air compressor with an
adjustable speed drive.
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Energy Efficiency and Best
Technology Opportunities (cont.)
29. Install adjustable speed drives on the
compatible compressors, pumps and
other motorized equipment.
30. Test the boilers with a stack gas analyzer
from the Pacific Energy Center.
31. Install boiler and water heater controllers
to minimize the equipment operating time
and optimize the hot water temperature
at all times.
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Energy Efficiency and Best
Technology Opportunities (cont.)
32. Recover more steam condensate.
33. Install a waste heat recovery system to
preheat the boiler make-up or feed water
or the sanitary water.
34. Upgrade the boilers with efficient lowNOx burners, oxygen trim, selective
catalytic reduction, combustion air and
flue gas recirculation, and
instrumentation & controls.
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Energy Efficiency and Best
Technology Opportunities (cont.)
35. Install super-efficient condensing boilers
and water heaters.
36. Optimize the water purification,
conservation, recycling and treatment
equipment.
37. Optimize the waste minimization,
recycling and treatment equipment.
38. Replace any inefficient aerators with
efficient fine-bubble or brush aerators.
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Energy Efficiency and Best
Technology Opportunities (cont.)
39. Optimize the conveyors, loaders,
unloaders, packagers, forklifts & battery
chargers and other materials handling
equipment.
40. Optimize the office, conference room,
break room, business center, library,
gym, hallway, stairway, lavatory, laundry,
garage, parking lot, yard and other
common area equipment.
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Energy Efficiency and Best
Technology Opportunities (cont.)
41. Enable the Energy Star sleep mode on
the portable computers, printers, FAX
machines and other office equipment.
42. Install Energy Star refrigerators,
clotheswashers, dishwashers and other
high-efficiency appliances.
43. Install Energy Star roof products.
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Energy Efficiency Example 1. Install a Dairy
Vacuum Pump with an Adjustable Speed Drive.
The new, efficient, dairy vacuum pump has
a 25 hp premium-efficiency motor with an
adjustable speed drive (ASD). The ASD
optimizes the motor speed and vacuum
pressure in the milk lines. The new
pumping system operates at about 9 kW
during the daily milking period (midnight to
10:00 PM) and about 22 kW during
sanitization (10:00 PM to midnight).
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Energy Efficiency Example 1 (cont.) Install a
Dairy Vacuum Pump with an Adjustable Speed
Drive.
The old, inefficient, dairy vacuum pump
had a 30 hp, standard-efficiency, fixedspeed motor. An inefficient vent valve in
the suction header controlled the vacuum
pressure in the milk lines. The old
pumping system operated continuously at
about 26 kW.
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Energy Efficiency Example 1 (cont.) Install a Dairy
Vacuum Pump with an Adjustable Speed Drive.
Old Peak-Period kW Demand
26 kW
New Peak-Period kW Demand
9 kW
Peak-Period kW Demand Savings
17 kW
Old Annual kWh Consumption
230,000 kWh per Year
New Annual kWh Consumption
80,000 kWh per Year
Annual kWh Savings
150,000 kWh per Year
Annual Electricity Cost Savings
@ $0.15/kWh
Simple Payback Period
$22,500 per Year
About 1 Year
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Energy Efficiency Example 2. Install LED Traffic
Lights and Walk Signs at Five Major Intersections.
The new, efficient, LED traffic lights and
“countdown” walk signs at the five major
intersections use about ten percent as
much electricity as the old, inefficient,
incandescent traffic lights and neon walk
signs.
Refer to details on Page 32.
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Energy Efficiency Example 2 (cont.) Install LED
Traffic Lights and Walk Signs at Five Major
Intersections.
Old Peak-Period kW Demand
13 kW
New Peak-Period kW Demand
1 kW
Peak-Period kW Demand Savings
12 kW
Old Annual kWh Consumption
110,000 kWh per Year
New Annual kWh Consumption
10,000 kWh per Year
Annual kWh Savings
100,000 kWh per Year
Annual Electricity Cost Savings
@ $0.15/kWh
Simple Payback Period
$15,000 per Year
About 1 Year
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Energy Efficiency Example 2 (cont.) Install LED
Traffic Lights and Walk Signs at Five Major
Intersections.
Annual kWh Savings
Estimated Reduction in Natural Gas
Consumption in Power Plant
Estimated Reduction in Cooling Tower
Water Consumption in Power Plant
100,000 kWh per Year
11,000 therms per Year
89,000 gallons per Year
Estimated Reduction in CO2 Emissions in
Power Plant
62 tons per Year
Estimated Reduction in Oxides-ofNitrogen (NOx) Emissions in Power Plant
22 lb per Year
Estimated Value of Avoided NOx Offsets
in Power Plant @ $15 per lb
$330 per Year
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Details for Energy Efficiency Example 2: Install LED Traffic Lights and Walk Signs at Five Major Intersections. (C. Middleton, PG&E)
Assume 100,000 kWh/yr savings for this energy efficiency project.
Assume a load-following, natural gas power plant on the Northern California electric grid, with a 10,681 Btu/kWh incremental heat rate,
per Schedule G-COG – Gas Transportation Service for Cogeneration Facilities, http://www.pge.com/tariffs/pdf/G-COG.pdf.
Assume natural gas is pure methane, CH4 = 16 lb/mole.
CH4 combustion with air: CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
Assume air has 21% Oxygen, O2 = 32 lb/mole; and 79% Nitrogen, N2 = 28 lb/mole
Carbon Dioxide, CO2 = 44 lb/mole; Water, H2O = 18 lb/mole
Assume 30 ppmv NOx @ 3% O2 in power plant stack gas.
For CH4 combustion with air, assume 0.30 Moles Excess O2 per Mole Natural Gas
= 3%*(1+(2*79%/21%))/(1-(3%*(1+79%/21%)))
For CH4 combustion with air, assume 8.82 Moles Stack Gas per Mole Natural Gas
= 1+(2*79%/21%) + 0.30 Moles Excess O2 per Mole Natural Gas
Assume 95% electric transmission & distribution (T&D) system efficiency.
Assume 75% heat rejection to power plant cooling tower.
Assume 80% H2O evaporation in power plant cooling tower.
Estimated Reduction in Natural Gas Consumption in Power Plant = 11,000 therms/yr
= (100,000 kWh/yr Savings for Energy Efficiency Project)/(95% T&D System Efficiency)*(10,681 Btu/kWh Incremental Heat Rate)
/(100,000 Btu/therm Natural Gas)
Estimated Reduction in Cooling Tower Water Consumption in Power Plant = 89,000 gallons/yr
= (100,000 kWh/yr Savings for Energy Efficiency Project)*(10,681 Btu/kWh Incremental Heat Rate - 3,412 Btu/kWh Net Power Output)
/(95% T&D System Efficiency)*(75% Heat Rejection to Cooling Tower)/(80% H2O Evaporation in Cooling Tower)
*(970 Btu/lb H2O Heat of Evaporation)/(8.34 lb/gallon H2O)
Estimated Reduction in CO2 Emissions in Power Plant = 62 tons/yr
= (100,000 kWh/yr Savings for Energy Efficiency Project)*(10,681 Btu/kWh Heat Rate)/(95% T&D System Efficiency)
/(1,030 Btu/scf Natural Gas)/(0.73 scf/mole-deg. R)/(530 deg. R)*(mole CO2/mole Natural Gas)*(44 lb/mole CO2)/(2,000 lb/ton)
Estimated Reduction in Oxides-of-Nitrogen (NOx) Emissions in Power Plant = 22 lb/yr
= (100,000 kWh/yr Savings for Energy Efficiency Project)*(10,681 Btu/kWh Heat Rate)/(95% T&D System Efficiency)
/(1,030 Btu/scf Natural Gas)/(0.73 scf/mole-deg. R)/(530 deg. R)*(8.82 mole Stack Gas/mole Natural Gas)*(30 ppmv NOx @ 3% O2 )
*(mole NO/mole NOx)*(30 lb/mole NO)
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