Transcript Haz-Ops - BEAST Emergency Training

Haz-Ops
Operations vs Awareness
• Awareness is the lowest level of training
allowed by the NFPA. It allows for
recognition of containers and contents in
hazardous situations.
• Operations level of training allows for
defensive actions of responders to
hazardous material situations.
PPE
• Four Levels
A – fully capsulated with SCBA
B – splash guard with SCBA or SAR
C – splash guard with air-purifying respirator
D – normal duty wear
Level A
• Highest level of
protection
• Must be trained in it’s
use
• Meets NFPA 1991
• Can be cumbersome
to work in
Level B
• Same respiratory
protection but less
protection to the skin
• Meets NFPA 1992
• Easier to move in, but
there must be no
known chemical
danger to the skin
Level C
• Same skin protection
as Level B with lower
respiratory protection
• Substance must be
known
• Use only with IC’s OK
Level D
• No significant
protection
• Use only for nuisance
calls
Respiratory Protection
• SCBA
• Must meet NFPA
1981
• Portable,
manueverable, heavy
• SAR
• Not fire approved
• Limited distance,
lighter than SCBA
Respiratory
• APR – Air-purifying
respirator
• Limited use
• Easy to use
• Filters for particles
and gas/vapors
Climate Concerns
• Heat rash – develops from constant
exposure to heat and humid air
• Heat cramps – long exposure to heat with
fluid loss – leg/abdominal cramps,
faintness, dizziness
Climate Concerns
• Heat exhaustion – exposure to excessive
heat. Symptoms are weakness,
cool/clammy skin, heavy perspiration,
rapid/shallow breathing, weak pulse,
possible unconsciousness
Climate Concerns
• Heat Stroke – Caused by heat exposure
resulting in failure of the body’s heat
regulating system.
• Symptoms include high fever (105 to 106),
dry, hot, red skin, rapid, strong pulse, deep
breaths and possible convulsions. Can
result in coma or death
Prevention
• Hydrate before beginning operations. It is
better to drink 200 ml every 15 to 20
minutes than a large quantity once an
hour.
• Wear long cotton undergarments for
natural ventilation
• Work in rotation and rehab
Medical Monitoring
• Complete vitals must be
taken prior to entering and
after exiting the hot or warm
operating zones.
Working Hazards
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Thermal
Radiological
Asphyxiation
Chemical
Etiological/Biological
Mechanical
Thermal
• Extreme
temperatures
• Exothermic
reactions
• Cryogenic Liquids
Radiological
• Alpha – small, goes
short distance
• Beta – Fast-moving,
travels up to 20’
• Gamma – High
energy, travels great
distances
Radiation
• Three methods of protection
– Time
– Distance – doubling the distance reduces the
exposure by 4 times. Halving the distance
increases it by 4 times
– Shielding
Shielding
Asphyxiation
• Simple asphyxiants
displace oxygen
• Chemical
asphyxiants
prohibit the body
from using oxygen
Chemical
• Toxicity of the
chemical
• Pathway or route
of exposure
• Nature and extent
of exposure
Routes of Entry
• Inhalation
• Ingestion
• Contact
• Absorbtion
Etiological/Biological
• Microorganisms
such as viruses or
bacteria (or their
toxins) that may
cause severe,
disabling disease
or illness
Mechanical
• Can cause trauma
that occurs as a
result of direct
contact with an
object.
• Striking and friction
are the two most
common types
Hazard Properties
• Physical state
– Gas – expands indefinitely – no shape
– Liquid – specific volume that flows according
to gravity – no shape
– Solid – has shape and volume
Terms
• Vapor pressure – the pressure exerted or
produced by the vapors released from a
liquid. A measure of the tendency of a
substance to evaporate
• Boiling point – Temperature at which the
vapor pressure is equal to or greater than
atmospheric pressure.
Terms
• Vapor density – weight of a given volume
of pure vapor or gas compared to the
weight of an equal volume of dry air at the
same temp. A vapor density of less than 1
is lighter than air
• Solubility – percentage of a material (by
weight) that will dissolve in water at
ambient temperature.
Hydrocarbon vs polar solvent
• Hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel
fuel are non-soluble and will not mix with
water
• Polar solvents such as alcohol, methanol
mix readily in water
More Terms
• Miscibility is the degree to which two or
more gases or liquids are able to mix with
or dissolve into each other
• Specific Gravity is the ratio of the density
(heaviness) of a material to the density of
some standard material as standard
conditions of pressure and temperature
Specific Gravity
• If a volume of a material weighs 8 pounds
and the same volume of water weighs 10
pounds, the specific gravity of the material
is 0.8
• Specific gravity of less than 1 will float on
water. Most hydrocarbons, like gasoline,
have a specific gravity of less than one
More Terms
• Persistence is the ability of the chemical to
remain in the environment
• Reactivity is a substances relative ability to
undergo a chemical reaction with another
material
The Path of a Hazardous
Release
• Stress. When a container is stressed
beyond it’s design strength, it fails, or
breaches
The Path of a Hazardous
Release
• Breach. The way a container breaches is
based on the material of which it is
constructed, the type of stress it was
exposed to, and the pressure inside the
container at the time it fails.
Type of Breaching
• Disintegration – Container suffers a
general loss of integrity - like a grenade
blowing up
• Runaway cracking – A crack develops in
a container as a result of some type of
damage, which continues to grow rapidly,
breaking the container into two or more
relatively large pieces
Type of Breaching
• Attachments (closures) open or break –
attachments such as pressure relief
valves, discharge valves, etc. fail, open or
break off. This usually leads to total failure
of the container
• Puncture – Mechanical stress coming into
contact with the container
Type of Breaching
• Split or tear – seams fail or tear.
Mechanical or thermal stressors may
cause splits
The Path of a Hazardous
Release
• Release. When a container is breached or
fails, its contents, stored energy, and
pieces of the container may release
• There are four ways in which containers
release their content
Four Releases
• Detonation – Instantaneous and
explosive release of stored chemical
energy of a hazardous material
• Violent rupture – Immediate release of
chemical or mechanical energy caused by
runaway cracks
Four Releases
• Rapid Relief – Fast release of a
pressurized hazardous material through
properly operating safety devices
• Spill/Leak – Slow release of hazardous
material under atmospheric or head
pressure through holes, tears, rips or
usual openings/attachments
The Path of a Hazardous
Release
• Dispersion/Engulf. When released the
product inside the container, any stored
energy and the container disperse. How
and where they go are based in chemistry,
physics, and product characteristics
Dispersion
• Hemispheric – Dome-shaped pattern of
airborne product that is still in contact with
the ground or water
• Cloud – Ball-shaped pattern of airborne
material that has collectively risen above
the ground or water
Dispersion
• Plume - Irregular shaped pattern of
airborne product. Many factors influence a
plume including wind, terrain, product
characteristics. Etc
• Cone – Triangular shaped pattern with a
point at the source of the breach and a
wide base downrange
Dispersion
• Stream – Surface following pattern of a
liquid material that is affected by gravity
and topographical contours
• Pool – Three dimensional (including
depth), slow flowing liquid
• Irregular – Indiscriminate deposit of
hazardous material (contaminated
responders)
The Path of a Hazardous
Release
• Exposure/Contact. Anything that is in the
area of the release is exposed. Contact is
just that, coming in physical contact with
the material. There are three time frames
of exposure and contact
– Short-term – Seconds, minutes, hours
– Mid-term – Days, weeks, months
– Long-term - Years
The Path of a Hazardous
Release
• Harm. Depending on the container,
product, energy involved and duration of
exposure/contact, exposures may be
harmed. Always base estimations of harm
on worst-case scenarios
7 Steps to Identifying Hazards
1. Locations and Occupancies
2. Container Shapes
3. Transportation Placards, Labels and
Markings
4. Other markings and colors (704)
5. Written Resources
6. Senses
7. Monitoring and Detection Devices
Identification
• ERG covers most identification needs
• Remember that high pressure containers
usually have rounded ends and only one
fitting (usually in a protected housing)
• Non pressure tanks = 3 psi or less
• Low pressure tanks = 40 psi or less
• High pressure tanks = over 100 psi
Couple of Tips
• Hydrogen Cyanide cars are no longer
painted white with red stripes due to
terrorist threats
• Tube module railcars are now obsolete
704
• Useful but does not tell what chemicals
are stored
• Also does not tell the location
Monitoring/Detecting Devices
• There are many devices for detecting and
monitoring hazardous materials.
• Use the devices to determine the scope of
the incident
– What material is involved
– How far has it traveled
– What is its concentration
– Where are the safe zones?
Monitoring/Detecting Devices
• Two most commonly used detectors
– Combustible gas indicators
– Two, Three or Four gas monitors
Combustible Gas Indicator
4 Gas Monitor
Next Week We Will
• Discuss management of Hazmat scene
• Mitigation efforts (using a shove and such)
• Decontamination – 3 types
And answer questions you dreamed up in 7
days