Transcript Turf & Ornamentals IPM Principles (in blue)

Pest Management Concepts
for
Urban Ornamentals & Turf
David J. Shetlar, Ph.D.
The BugDoc
Landscape Entomologist
The Ohio State University
IPM Principles and Concepts
Traditional Approaches
(based on crops)
sample pest populations on a
regular basis.
develop pest economic injury levels.
determine economic threshold
levels (action thresholds) for each
crop and pest.
IPM Principles and Concepts
Problems Applying Field Crop
Concepts to Urban Areas
urban areas are aesthetic “crops”
general public fear or distaste of
pests (“I don’t like bugs!”)
extremely diverse habitats are
involved, not monocultures.
IPM Principles and Concepts
How do we handle diverse habitats?
Number of Plants – urban
landscapes can contain over 100
species of plants!
Number of Pests – each plant
may host 1 to 5 pests each!
IPM Principles and Concepts
Urban Approaches
(for landscapes, Raupp et al.)
Key Plants - plants prone to
damaging pest problems.
Key Pests - pests that can cause
serious damage or plant loss.
“Traditional” Ornamental Plant
Maintenance Program
Fertilize spring and fall – all plants treated
the same.
Mulch in spring and put down preemergence herbicide (crab grass and other annual
weeds)!
Visit landscape 4-5 times per year and use
“cover spray” (contains mixture of miticide,
fungicide and insecticide)!
Sell other services – pruning, weeding, etc.
Current Approach to Ornamental
Plant Maintenance
MAP landscape, identifying key plants and
key pests.
Evaluate individual plants and consult with
owner about desires for plants – maintenance,
push growth, etc.
Use targeted pesticide applications.
Recommend “crop” rotation!?
Plant Health Care
Current Thinking
In Plant Health Care (PHC), the concept of
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is only
ONE component of the system - the one
dealing with "intervention" after a plant
stress has been identified as being
caused by a pest.
Environmentally Based??
Sustainable environment?
Plant Health?
Urban habitat health?
Reduced toxic risk?
Sustainable Environments
Need little or no inputs
Resistant to change
Tolerate stresses
Plant Health Care
Plant Evaluation
Plant Client
Stress (or Pest)
Management
Intervention?
Integrated Pest Management
Chemical Controls
MONITOR
PESTS
Insects
Diseases
Weeds
Biological Controls
Cultural Controls
Chemical Controls
Plant Evaluation
MONITOR
PESTS
Plant
Stress (or Pest)
Management
Client
Insects
Diseases
Weeds
Intervention?
Biological Controls
Cultural Controls
In Plant Health Care,
In Integrated Pest Management,
the PLANT and its OWNER
the PESTS are the central
(client, manager, etc.) are
focus of the system
the central focus of the
system
Our “concept” of urban landscapes try to mimic outside habitats.
Notice the similarities? Trees on the outside perimeter, short-cut
plants in the foreground and a “water feature.”
Most urban landscapes put stresses on the ornamental
plants, thereby making them more prone to insect
damage. These oaks were planted three-in-a-spot (four
foot squares in the parking lot). They were being killed
by borers and the manager was “mystified”!!
Typical school landscape with insect-prone plants.
Environmentally Based
Lawns and Landscapes
Ideal World
Select plant for site
Amend soil before plant
Use new plants
Pest controls do not
affect non-targets
"Healthy" plants defend
themselves
Reality
Plants already installed
Amend after plant
Deal with old plants
Pesticides affect nontargets
"Healthy" plants are
better able to defend
Selecting Environmentally
Based Products - Insecticides
Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) toxins
Spinosad (Conserve)
Avermectin (Avid)
Soaps and Oils
IGR's
Natural Botanicals - Synthetics
Selecting Environmentally
Based Products - Plants
Native - Imported
Perennial - Annual
Wet - Dry Tolerant
Sun - Shade Tolerant
Pests Rare or Common
Pest Tolerant or Intolerant
Environmentally-Based
Program (an example)
Soil Sample and Characteristics
Site Characteristics
Plant Inventory - identify & map
Pest Inventory - "key pests“
Client Needs and Desires
Short & Long Term Interventions
What about biological control?
In it’s most simple definition, biological
control is using naturally occurring organisms
to control pests, whether the pests be
vertebrates (fish, birds, reptiles, or mammals),
diseases (usually plant pathogens – fungi),
weeds, or arthropods (insects and mites).
Biological controls are usually
predators, parasites, or diseases (pathogens),
but some biological control experts also
include competitors.
Biocontrol or "BioBased"?
Paenibacillus popillae –
grub milky disease
Bacillus thuringiensis –
δ-endotoxin
Saccharopolyspora spinosa –
spinosyns (=Conserve™)
Classic Insect Biocontrols
Predators
Ants & Wasps
Beetles
Spiders
Bugs (damsel, bigeyed, stink)
Mites
Others
Parasites
Wasps
Flies
Pathogens
Bacteria
Fungi
Virus
Entomopathogenic Nematodes
Chinese mantis, a
common imported
predator
Convergent lady
beetle eating
aphids
What is this?
Keys to Successful Biocontrols
Easy to recognize
Easy to use
Public acceptance
Cost effective
Shelf life
Polistes wasp
eating black
cutworm
Using Biocontrols in Landscapes
Introduction
Augmentation
Conservation
Conserving Biological Controls
Learn to recognize biocontrols
Provide food and habitat
Use least toxic chemicals
Target chemicals WHERE needed
Educate customer
BE PATIENT!!
Selecting Least Toxic Insecticides
Soaps and Oils (kill by contact only)
Use short residual products
Use IGR-type products (very selective)
Use neonicotinoids ??
Use microbial products
??
Insecticide LD50s
Organophosphates (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors)
Acephate (Orthene)
980
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban)
270
Diazinon
400
Ethoprop (Mocap)
62
Fonofos (Crusade)
18
Isofenphos (Oftanol)
20
Isazofos (Triumph)
40-60
Malathion
1000
Trichlorfon (Dylox/Proxol) 250
Insecticide LD50s
Carbamates (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors)
Bendiocarb (Turcam)
Carbaryl (Sevin)
156
246
Pyrethroids (disrupt nerve sodium pump)
Bifenthrin (Talstar)
Cyfluthrin (Tempo)
Fluvalinate (Mavrik)
L-cyhalothrin (Scimitar)
Permethrin (Astro)
375
826
282
79
430
New Insecticide LD50s
Tetranortriterpenoid (ecdysone blocker; antifeedant)
Azadirachtin A & B (Azatrol, Neem, etc.)
>3540
Spinosad (synaptic stimulation nicotinic acetycholine sites)
Spinosads (Conserve)
3783-5000
Diacylhydrazine (molt accelerating compound, induces molt)
Halofenozide (MACH2)
2850
Phenylpyrazoles (GABA receptor disruption)
Fipronil (Chipco Choice)
97
New Insecticide LD50s
The Neonicotinoids
Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Imidacloprid (Merit)
450
Pyridylmethylamine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Acetamiprid (TriStar)
217
Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Clothianidin (Arena)
>5000
Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Thiamethoxam (Meridian)
1563
Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Dinotefuran (Safari)
>2000
Urban Landscape Ecology Program – ULEP
A new approach
Interdisciplinary team (over 40 faculty & staff
including representatives from Public Health, Education,
Architecture, Engineering, Psychology, CBS & FAES)
Use campuses as model ecological
landscapes (demonstrate proper plant materials and
conversion techniques)
Establish model communities with
commercial developer (currently working with
Dominion Homes)
Establish a university major
Dominion Homes
Burr Oak
Development –
proposed plan
including wetland, a
bio-swale water
conservation area
(will also be a park),
as well as low and
medium density
homes and condo
sites. In Upper
Darby Watershead.