Transcript PowerPoint プレゼンテーション

Earthquake Preparedness and
Countermeasures in Osaka
Municipal Waterworks Bureau
Osaka Municipal Waterworks Bureau
Kazuya YAMANO
1
大阪市水道局
Osaka Municipal Waterworks
Purification plants:
3 plants
Distribution pipes:
5,000 km
Water supply capacity: 2,430,000 m3/day
Area：
211km2
Population：2.6 million
Kobe City
OSAKA City
Japan
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
2
大阪市水道局
Outline of Earthquake Preparedness Efforts
Kobe Earthquake (1995)
Earthquake Preparedness Improvement Plan 21(1996)
Review of scenario earthquakes (2004～)
Investigation of
Tsunami
seismic motion
Estimation
Estimation
Damage of
Influence on
distribution pipes
purification plants
Improving earthquake preparedness
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
3
大阪市水道局
Outline of Earthquake Preparedness Efforts
Kobe Earthquake (1995)
Earthquake Preparedness Improvement Plan 21(1996)
Review of scenario earthquakes (2004～)
Investigation of
Tsunami
seismic motion
Estimation
Estimation
Damage of
Influence on
distribution pipes
purification plants
Improving earthquake preparedness
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
4
Osaka Municipal Waterworks
Earthquake Preparedness Improvement Plan 21
大阪市水道局
8 Basic Elements
(1) Improving Earthquake Resistance of Key Facilities
(2) Establishing a Water Supply and Distribution Center
Network
(3) Improving Compatibility among Different Distribution
Systems
(4) Countermeasures against Power Failure
(5) Expanding Emergency Material Stock System
(6) Establishing Stable Water Supply Routes to Man-made
Islands
(7) Improving Reliability of Information and Communication
System
(8) Improving Earthquake Resistance of Headquarters
Necessary for Disaster Relief and Recovery Activities
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
5
Earthquake Preparedness (1)
大阪市水道局
Improving earthquake resistance of
distribution pipe network
Length of cast iron pipes
1,278 km (1997)
870 km (2005)
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
Ductile Iron Pipe
6
大阪市水道局
Earthquake Preparedness (2)
Increasing capacity of drinking water reservoirs
Capacity of distribution reservoir
Nagai
KUNIJIMA
: 42,000 ㎥
Sakishima : 30,000
㎥
JOTO
Total : 72,000 ㎥ UP
OYODO
OTEMAE
Sakishima Distribution Plant
MINATO
Osaka City
TATSUMI
SUMIYOSHI
SAKISHIMA
SUMINOE
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
Nagai Distribution Plant
NAGAI
Distribution Plant (existing)
Distribution Plant (newly-built)
7
大阪市水道局
Earthquake Preparedness (3)
Sufficiency of emergency materials
Water Supply Truck
Temporary Water Tank（4m3）
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
Polyethylene Bag (3L, 10L)
Pipe Stock
8
Earthquake Preparedness (4)
大阪市水道局
Realization of effective emergency activity
Headquarter
s
Disaster Information
Management System
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
Disaster Site
9
大阪市水道局
Outline of Earthquake Preparedness Efforts
Kobe Earthquake (1995)
Earthquake Preparedness Improvement Plan 21(1996)
Review of scenario earthquakes (2004～)
Investigation of
Tsunami
seismic motion
Estimation
Estimation
Damage of
Influence on
distribution pipes
purification plants
Improving earthquake preparedness
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
10
Scenario Earthquakes
大阪市水道局
(c)
(a)
(b)
(d)
Tsunami
(e)
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
(a) Uemachi fault
(b) Ikoma fault
(c) Arima-Takatsuki-kozosen
fault
(d) Chuo-kozosen fault
(e) Nankai trough (TonankaiNankai Earthquake)
11
大阪市水道局
Outline of Earthquake Preparedness Efforts
Kobe Earthquake (1995)
Earthquake Preparedness Improvement Plan 21(1996)
Review of scenario earthquakes (2004～)
Investigation of
Tsunami
seismic motion
Estimation
Estimation
Damage of
Influence on
distribution pipes
purification plants
Improving earthquake preparedness
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
12
Tonankai & Nankai Earthquake (1)
大阪市水道局
Earthquake Occurrence Probability (within next 30 years)
- Tonankai Earthquake : about 60%
- Nankai Earthquake : about 50%
Kobe
Nankai
Japan
Osaka
Tonankai
Scenario Earthquake
Committee on Tonankai & Nankai Tsunami
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
13
Tonankai & Nankai Earthquake (2)
大阪市水道局
Earthquake Occurrence Probability
Scenario Earthquake
- Simultaneous Occurrence of Tonankai &
Nankai Earthquakes
- JMA Magnitude : 8.4
Kobe
Nankai
Japan
Osaka
Tonankai
Committee on Tonankai & Nankai Tsunami
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
14
Tonankai & Nankai Earthquake (3)
大阪市水道局
Earthquake Occurrence Probability
Scenario Earthquake
Committee on Tonankai & Nankai Tsunami
Chairperson: Prof. Kawata ( Kyoto Univ. )
Members: Osaka City, Osaka Pref.,
Wakayama Pref.
Making map of
inundation by Tsunami
Possibility of tsunami
going over Yodo River
Large Weir revealed
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
Osaka City
Inundation map
15
Preparedness against tsunami caused by
Tonankai & Nankai Earthquake
大阪市水道局
Committee on the Influence on Water Treatment by
Tsunami in Yodo River
Examination of Intake of Kunijima purification plant
along Yodo River ：
(2) Turbidity
(1) Chloride ion
Upper Flow
Yodo River
Intake of
Kunijima P.P
Kunijima P.P
1,180,000m3／day
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
Overflow
Yodo River Large Weir
Lower Flow
(Osaka Bay)
16
Tsunami simulation
大阪市水道局
Tsunami simulation
Model of seismic source
Yodo River
Kobe
Osaka
Japan
Nankai
Tonankai
JMA Magnitude : 8.4
Osaka Bay
Yodo
River
Large
Weir
(River flow : 196m3/s)
Tsunami arrives at the Yodo River estuary within 2
hours and the Yodo River Large Weir within 2.5
hours after the earthquake.
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
17
Chloride Ion Concentration
Tsunami simulation
大阪市水道局
Chloride ion concentration
Yodo River
Kobe
Osaka
Intake point
Adjustment gate
Upper Flow
Lower Flow
tsunami ( m )
(Osaka Bay) Maximum height ofYodo
River Large
Main gate
Weir
Adjustment gate
Kema
Lock Gate
Kema
Water Gate
Yodo River Large Weir
(River flow : 196m3/s)
Okawa River
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
18
Conclusion
Chloride ion（mg/L）
100000
10000
1020mg/L
1000
Chloride ion
100
10
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Flow (m 3/s)
Time of concentration being over standards (h)
大阪市水道局
4
3
2
0.90h
1
0
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Flow（m3/s）
At Intake point, maximum concentration of Chloride ion is about
1,000 mg/L and maximum duration of concentration level
exceeding water quality standards is about 1 hour.
Necessity of preparedness against tsunami
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
19
大阪市水道局
Outline of Earthquake Preparedness Efforts
Kobe Earthquake (1995)
Earthquake Preparedness Improvement Plan 21(1996)
Review of scenario earthquakes (2004～)
Investigation of
Tsunami
seismic motion
Estimation
Estimation
Damage of
Influence on
distribution pipes
purification plants
Improving earthquake preparedness
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
20
Investigation Flow Chart
STEP1
大阪市水道局
Collection and organization of data
relevant to seismic damage of
distribution pipes
STEP2
Making damage ratio equations
STEP3
Damage estimation of distribution
pipes based on scenario earthquakes
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
21
Points of the Review
大阪市水道局
Upgraded seismic damage
data obtained from recent
research on earthquake
engineering
New estimation of the seismic
damages of distribution pipes
in liquefied area
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
22
Data Utilized (1)
大阪市水道局
◆ Previous research ◆
= 29 areas
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
【2km×2km data near seismometers （JWWA1996，1998）】
23
大阪市水道局
Data Utilized (2)
◆Present research◆
Seismic Motion of Kobe
Earthquake Reproduced
= about 4,800 meshes
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
Damage Ratio of
Distribution Pipes during
Kobe Earthquake
【250m×250m data（JWWA1996）】
24
Damage Ratio Equation
大阪市水道局
D0 = a x (PGV - b)
D0 : Average Ratio of Damage (points/km)
PGV : Peak Ground Velocity (cm/s)
a, b : Coefficient Constant
D = D0 x C 1 x C 2
D
C1
C2
: Rate of Damage (points/km)
: Diameter Correction Factor
: Ground Correction Factor
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
25
大阪市水道局
Classification of Liquefaction (1)
Liquefaction Assessment
PL-value calculated
by Osaka Municipal
Waterworks Bureau
液状化状況
250m メッシュ
■ 非液状化
■ 半液状化
■ 液状化
Liquefaction Level as
Classified by JWWA
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
Non-Liquefaction
Half-Liquefaction
Liquefaction
26
大阪市水道局
Classification of Liquefaction (2)
◆Liquefied Ground◆
PL value
Relation between PL value and
liquefied area
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
Liquefaction frequency (%)
Liquefaction frequency (%)
 1
  log x   2 

 exp 
 ,x0
f ( x)   2 x
2 2


0
,x0

- : cumulo-probability
density function
z
( z )   f ( z )dz
0
PL value
Relation between PL value and
liquefied area
27
大阪市水道局
Damage Ratio Equation (Non-Liquefied Ground)
<Ductile Iron Pipe>
<Cast Iron Pipe>
4
□ 2km mesh area data
● 250m×250m data
2
Damage ratio
(points/km)
Damage ratio
(points/km)
【Kobe earthquake】
【function】
━ Osaka(2006)
━ Osaka(1997)
━ JWWA(1998)
1
3
2
1
0
0
50
100
150
200
PGV (cm/s)
D0=0.0065 x (PGV－15)
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
0
0
50
100
150
200
PGV (cm/s)
D0=0.0153 x (PGV－15)
28
Damage Ratio (Liquefied Ground)
<Ductile Iron Pipe>
<Cast Iron Pipe>
10
【Kobe earthquake】
□ 2km mesh area data
● 250m×250m data
8
Damage ratio
(points/km)
Damage ratio
(points/km)
10
【function】
━ Osaka(2006)
━ JWWA(1998)
6
4
2.56
2
0
0
大阪市水道局
8
6
4
4
2
50
100
150
200
PGV (cm/s)
[Reference]
Average Damage Ratio=2.56
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
0
0
50
100
150
200
PGV (cm/s)
[Reference]
Average Damage Ratio=4.00
29
Investigation Flow Chart
STEP1
STEP2
STEP3
大阪市水道局
Collection and organization of the data relevant to seismic
damage of distribution pipes
Making damage ratio equations
 Examining upper value of damage
ratio
 Examining value of damage ratio in
liquefied ground
Damage estimation of distribution
pipes based on scenario earthquakes
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
30
Advanced Investigation Plan
大阪市水道局
1
Damage Estimation of Distribution Pipes
2
Simulation of Areas Affected by Water
Suspension
3
Estimation of Seismic Damage to the Water
Supply System
4
Examination of Effective Earthquake
Countermeasures
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
31
Thank you for your attention!
大阪市水道局
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
32
Vertical Two-Dimensional Box Model
大阪市水道局
Depth Direction
Flow Direction
Cell: Move of water and suspended solid is ignored
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
33
Tsunami Simulation
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
大阪市水道局
34
Equations and Conditions (Tsunami Simulation)
Items of setting
Equations
Conditions
大阪市水道局
Setting value
Basic Equation
Nonlinear Long Wave Equation
Difference Scheme
Staggered Grid and Leap-Flog Method
Overflow Equation
Honma Equation
Fault Model
Shown in Slide No.4
Grid Scale
1350m→450m→150m→50m→25m→12.5m
Initial Tidal Height
H.W.L.（O.P.+2.10m）
※T.P.±0.0m＝O.P.±0.0m＋1.30m
River Flow
62m3/s, 196m3/s, 300m3/s, 500m3/s, 820m3/s,
3000m3/s
Gate Height
Decide the Gate Height every River Flow
Time Step
Δt=0.3s
Reproduce Time
6hours, 12hours
Offshore Boundary Condition
Permeable Condition
Onshore Boundary Condition
Reflect Condition
Eddy Viscosity Coefficient
AH=0.0
Roughness Coefficient
n=0.025
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
35
大阪市水道局
Equations and Conditions (Calculation of the chloride ion concentration)
Calculation Model
Vertical 2-D Box Model
Flow Direction
Dx = 200m
Depth Direction
Dz = 1m
Grid Scale
Time Step
Velocity Distribution
Overflow Equation
Dt = 1s
Tsunami Run-up
Uniform Velocity Profile
Other
Logarithmic Velocity Profile
Honma's Equation
Applying the pick-up rate of mud and clay
Pick-up Mass
of Bed Material
Multiplying the mass fraction of clay component material in bed to
pick-up mass
Bed material only pick-up from the river estuary to 11 km upper point
Manning's
roughness
0.025
Fall Velocity
Tsuruya's Equation
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
36
Seismic Motion & Damage of pipes
大阪市水道局
Seismic Motion of Kobe Earthquake Reproduced
Strongest Shaking Area
Damage Ratio of Distribution Pipes during Kobe Earthquake
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
37
大阪市水道局
PL Value
PL =∫0 F x w(z) dz
w(z) =10 – 0.5 x z
F=
1 – FL (FL<1.0)
0
( FL>=1.0)
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
z : Depth from surface
20
38
Disaster Information Management System
大阪市水道局
Integrated Management
Seismic damage simulation
function
Disaster Emergency
Activities Information
Management Functions
Pipeline restoration
Emergency water supply
Facility restoration
Support for information to
citizens and Osaka City
Disaster Countermeasures
Headquarters
OSAKA Municipal Waterworks Bureau
39