Transcript Diapositive 1

WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND
REUSE IN MOROCCO
SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES
WASAMED WORKSHOP,
Cairo, 7th December, 2004
R.CHOUKR-ALLAH
Introduction
Mediterranean countries are characterized by:
• More repetitive periods of drought;
• Irregularity of the rainfalls;
• Water chronic scarcity will be reached by
2020;
• Degradation of the water resources quality.
supply of available waters per capita and
per year in some Mediterranean countries
1200
800
600
400
200
Egypt
Morocco
T
e
Algeria
Tunisia
Jordan
Lybia
Year
2025
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
1995
1990
0
1985
Water Supply
1000
m3/year/inhab
Geographic Distribution of
Hydraulic river basins in Morocco
Geographic distribution of surface
waters resources
%
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Loukkos
Moulouya
Sebou
Bou Regreg
O um ErRbia
Tensift
BASIN
Resources
Surface
Population
Souss Massa
Sud
Atlasique
Sahara
Issues of Water Resources in
Morocco
• The available water resources per
inhabitant and per year will drop from less
than 1000 m3 to less than 500 m3
• 23%of the dams used for potable water
are threatened by urban pollution
Issues of Water Resources in
Morocco
• 13% of wellheads potable water are
exposed to pollution
• 3.4%of the wellheads have nitrate level
higher than 50 mg/l
• 60 millions m3 of raw wastewater are used
to irrigate over 7000 ha
Potential of wastewater in
Morocco
900
900
800
666
700
495
Volume
in Mm 3
600
370
500
400
270
300
200
129
48
100
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
2000
2010
2020
Main factors that contribute to
this increase are:
• increase in the Urban Population ( 4.4 to 5% )
• increase in the potable water network in urban
•
•
areas, which has moved from 53% in 1972 to
79% in 1993 and to 85% in 2000.
The increase in the rate of sewerage network
which has reached 75% in big cities in 1999,
and;
increase in the individual consumption of potable
water, from 85 to 116 liters per inhabitant and
per day in the period between 1972 and 1992.
Distribution of wastewaters discharged following
the receptor milieu
Receptor Mediums
Discharged Volume
in Millions of m3
%
Mediterranean
Atlantic Coast
316
57,8
Rivers
230
422
546
100
Total
Source : CSEC (2001)
Wastewater effluents cannot be
totally mobilized
• 58% of this volume will be discharged on the
•
•
•
coast
Absence of irrigable sites downstream from the
discharges in numerous centers, especially
coastal cities.
high cost of the water conveyance system
when the site of these waters reuse requires
fees of pumping and conducts, and ;
availability of conventional waters is satisfactory.
Typical composition of raw
Wastewater in Morocco
constituent
Small centers
(less than
20.000
inhabitant)
Average
Centers
(Between
20.000 and
100.000
inhabitant)
Large cities
(more than
100.000
inhabitant)
National
Average
BOD5 (mg/l)
400
350
300
350
COD (mg/l)
1000
950
850
900
SS (mg/l)
500
400
300
400
Restitution rates (%)
50
75
80
65
)
Supply x restitution
rate l/inhab)
40
70
Source: ONEP-GTZ
80
60
Main areas of raw wastewaters
reuse in Morocco
Regions
Marrakech
Meknes
Oujda
Fès
El Jadida
Khouribga
Agadir
Béni-Mellal
Ben guérir
Tétouan
Total
Surface (ha)
2000
1400
1175
800
800
360
310
225
95
70
Speculations
Cereals, fruit threes
Cereals, fruit threes
Cereals, fruit threes
fruit threes
forage
Cereals
fruit threes, soybean, floriculture
Cereals, , Cotton, beetroot
forage, fruit threes
forage
7235
Source : CSEC (1994)
Situation of Wastewater treatment Plants in Morocco
Functioning
Number
In Function
Out of order
Non-connected
20
12
5
3
60
Bacterial beds
11
5
6
0
45,5
Settling-basin
Digester
17
2
13
2
11,8
Sewing
3
0
3
0
0
Lagoons
13
7
5
1
53,8
2
2
0
0
100
3
1
1
1
33,3
69
29
33
7
42,0
STEP
Activated sludge
Infiltration
percentage
Percolation
Algal Channel
Total
Source : CSEC (2001)
The reuse of treated wastewater is
still at the experimental level
Pilot projects:
Ouarzazat- FAO
• Ben Sergao - ADF
• Ben Slmimane - ACDI
• Drarga - USAID
Projects of wastewater treatment and reuse
in Morocco
Plant
Processing
System
Implementation
Ouarzazate
Lagoon
ORMVAO
FAO-OMS-
Ben Sergao
1989
Processing
430 m³/d(5 l
capacity
/s)
Drarga
Infiltration
Aerated
Infiltration
Percolation
Lagoons
Percolation
DGCL
RAMSA
ONEP/ MILD
Canadian
Contribution
Municipality
Ben Slimane
Project PREM/
USAID
Department of
Environment
Commune of
Drarga
ERAC-Sud
1990
1997
2000
750 m3/d
5.600 m3/d
1.000 m³/d
15 000
37 000
10.000
PNUD IAVHII
Date of launch
Ben Slimane
Connected Population
²(Eq-hab.)
4 300
Sewage performances: Reduction
percentage
Plant
Processing
Ouarzazate
Lagoon
System
BenSergao
High
Out put
Lagoon
Drarga
Infiltration
Percolation
BenSlimane
Marrakech
Aerated
Optional
Lagoon
Lagoon
Bouznika
Lagoon
25
21.9
-
-
30-40
30
-
81.7
65.3
98
98.5
78
97
75
72
65.4
92
96
79
76
71
28
-
100
96.6
-
69
76
NTK (mg/l)
31.5
48
85
96.8
75
71
14
P total (mg/l)
48.5
54
36
95.9
41
85
-
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
100
99.4
99.9
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Period of Stay
(Days)
DBO5 (mg/l)
DCO (mg/l)
MES (mg/l)
CF /100ml
O. Helminthes/L
Source: ONEP-FAO (2001)
Objectives
• What lessons can be learned from these pilot?
• What are the methods to be used in order to
•
•
improve future reuse of wastewater?
What are the measures to be taken in order to
encourage the reuse?
What are the guidelines for monitoring
treatment plants and sites irrigated with treated
wastewaters?
Lessons learned and
recommendations
Wastewater reuse project planning
• Need to integrate water quality in
wastewater reuse
• Implementation of strategy and policy to
promote reuse
• Participation of the end users in all phase
of the project
• Selection of durable site
Lessons learned and
recommendations
Wastewater reuse project planning
• Selection of treatment system based on the type
•
•
•
possible reuse
Need to diversify different reuse
Cost-benefit analysis should include socioeconomic and environmental aspects
Constant dialogue between all relevant partners
Irrigation systems
• Numerous irrigation systems have been tested in
•
•
•
the pilot projects
problems faced were not linked to the irrigation
method but rather to the piloting of the
irrigation
choice of a good dripper might significantly
improve the distribution of wastewaters at the
level of the plot
Drip irrigation reduce considerably the health
risks
Treated wastewater price
Price assessment components:
• Pumping cost
• Transport cost
• Storage cost
• Operation and maintenance cost
Institution partnership establishment
for collective agreement
• Definition of the role of each partner
• Agreement which cover all aspects of the project (
•
•
•
•
finance, technical assistance, monitoring,
management, …)
Active participation of all partners in all phase of
the project
Total transparency in the implementation of actions
Wiliness to share risks and success of the project
Each partner has to feel he has something to gain
Conclusions and recommendations
Planning:
• Strengthen the participation of the
beneficiaries
• Monitoring the quality of treated
wastewater and reinforce existing
regulation
Conclusions and recommendations
Economic Aspects
• Establish cost-beneficiate analysis
• Insure that wastewater reuse is profitable
to the farmers
Conclusions and Recommendations
Organizational Aspects
• Encourage cooperation benefit between
institution
• Establish services contacts between the
manufacturing institution and local
expertise institution
Conclusions and Recommendations
Regulation aspects
• Establish norms and standards for the
reuse of treated wastewater
• Limit the parameters to be monitored
Conclusions and Recommendations
Technical and agronomical Aspects
• Encourage the drip irrigation system
• Optimize the recycling of the nutrient
elements included in the wastewater
• Develop a strategy for the storage of
wastewater
Conclusions and Recommendations
Sanitary Aspects :
• Develop analytical methods for monitoring
persistent contaminants
• Improve research techniques for parasites
and virus
• Develop a methodology and monitoring
evaluation system of the impact of the
reuse on the soil, crops and ground water
Conclusions and Recommendations
Awareness raising :
• Establish a Awareness and sanitary
education programs for farmers, engineers
and technicians
• Develop handouts on different aspects of
the reuse of treated wastewater