Transcript Document

The Roaring 20’s
America After WWI
Fighting the Recession
• After WWI, 2 million
soldiers were looking
for work
• Factories were
closing because they
were no longer
getting orders for
wartime goods from
European nations
Republicans Rule the 1920s
• “HARD”-”COOL”-”HOOV”
• All the presidents of the
1920s were Republican
• The names of the 3
presidents are Harding,
Coolidge, and Hoover
• Warren G. Harding died in
office, probably due to
shock
Warren G.
Harding (29th
pres.)19211923 (died in
office)
Calvin
Coolidge
(30th
pres.)19231929
Herbert Hoover (31st pres.)
1929-1933
President Rey Jaffet Corrupt
Cabinet
• Secretary of the Treasury: Andrew Mellon,
a wealthy financier
• Secretary of Commerce: Herbert Hoover,
famous for his food raising efforts during
WWI
• “Ohio Gang”: Harding’s old friends from
Ohio who were corrupt and stole money
from the government
Charles Forbes
6th period loves you(:
• One of Harding’s old buddies
• Head of the Veteran’s Bureau
• Stole millions of dollars from the bureau
“I can take care of my enemies all right, but
my…friends, they’re the ones that keep me
walking the floors at night!” –Hoover
Herbert Hoover was very hard-working and honest, but his
friends were not
After a bunch of betrayals, Harding died of a heart attack in
August, 1923
The Teapot Dome Scandal
• Secretary of the
Interior, Albert Fall
accepted a bribe to
lease government
land to oil executives
• One of these areas
was called “Teapot
Dome” in Wyoming
• Fall was sent to
prison
1st president to visit Alaska
died 1923
“Keep Cool
with Coolidge”
• Vice President Calvin Coolidge Becomes President
(1923-1929)
• “Silent Cal” spoke and spent little (Harding loved to throw
parties and give long speeches)
• He forced corrupt officials to resign
• Limited government
• High tariffs
• Pro-business policies
• He was re-elected in 1924 with the slogan “Keep Cool
With Coolidge”
From War Goods to Consumer
Goods
• Coolidge cut regulations
on businesses
• Americans’ incomes rose
• People began to buy
refrigerators, radios,
vacuums, and other
appliances
• Businesses began to
advertise their products
“Coolidge Prosperity”

“The business of America is business.
The man who builds a factory builds
a temple. The man who works there
worships there.
• Calvin Coolidge
What does President Calvin Coolidge
believe American Prosperity rests on?
Buying on Credit
• Installment Buying= Buying on Credit (Buy
now, pay later)
• Demands for goods jumped, but so did
Americans’ debt
“If we want anything, all we have to do is go
and buy it on credit. So that leaves us without
any economic problems whatsoever, except
that perhaps some day to have to pay for
them.”
–Comedian Will Rogers
Soaring Stock Market
• By the late 1920s, more
people were investing in
the stock market
• People became rich
overnight
• Bull Market: Period of
rapidly increasing stock
prices
• Prices of stocks rose
more quickly than the
value of the companies
themselves
American Foreign Policy in the
1920s
• Most all Americans (including Harding and
Coolidge) wanted to remain “isolationist”
HOWEVER:
1. The U.S. still needed to protect economic
interests in Mexico
2. The U.S. gave $10 million in aid to Russia
during a famine
3. The U.S. still signed the “Kellogg-Briand Pact”
with 61 other nations (which outlawed war)
Foreign Policies
• Dawes Plan
– U.S. influenced European economics without direct gov’t
intervention
– Allies owed $10 billion in war debts to the U.S.
– U.S. sent Charles G. Dawes (Chicago banker) to negotiate and
set up a new payment schedule for Germany (avoid another war)
– U.S. banks loaned Germany $2.5 billion
– Restored payments that would have otherwise not been made
• The Washington Conference (1921)
– Disarmament – limitation or reduction of weapons
– First successful disarmament conference in modern history
– U.S., G.B., Japan, France, and Italy pledged to limit the number
of their largest ships and to stop constructing new ships
The Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
- started as a pact between France (Aristide Briand-foreign minister)and
U.S. (Secretary of State Frank Kellogg)
-14 nations signed
- declared war illegal
-Failed to include punishments
“Hopeful that, encouraged by their example, all the other nations of the
world will join in this humane endeavor and by adhering to the present
Treaty as soon as it comes into force bring their peoples within the scope of
its beneficent provisions, thus uniting the civilized nations of the world in
a common renunciation of war as an instrument of their national policy”
-Section of the Kellogg-Briand Pact
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/kbpact.htm
Relations in Latin America
• America wanted to protect its interests in Latin America
• Businesses continued expanding
• Marines were present in Nicaragua from 1909-1933 – American
bankers and policymakers controlled most of the economy
• U.S. sent troops in 1926 when fights were occurring between two
factions
• Nationalists began fighting off American troops..resentment towards
America
Women Gain the Right to Vote
• 19th Amendment in
1920 gave women the
right to vote
• Carrie Chapman Catt
set up the League of
Women Voters
• This group tried to
educate voters and
ensure the right of
women to serve on
juries
Ana Roque de Duprey



Fought for the right to
vote for women in
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican women
got the right to vote in
1929
Lost to Rey
Life Changes for Women
• Women were told to go back home when the
men came home to the factories after WWI
• Many women stayed in the workforce as typists,
cleaners, cooks, servants, seamstresses,
teachers, secretaries, and store clerks
• Many women bought ready-made clothing
instead of making their own
• Many women bought appliances to help them
with housework after working a full day outside
of the home
Impact of the Automobile
• Car sales grew
rapidly in the
1920s because
Henry Ford’s
assembly line
made them so
cheap
• General Motors
also became a
popular seller of
cars
FOOD born in the 1920’s
1920 La Choy Food Products, Baby Ruth & Oh Henry! candy bars
1921 Land O'Lakes (butter), Betty Crocker (General Mills), Eskimo Pie (ice cream novelty),
Chuckles (fruit jelly candies), White Castle (fast food chain)
1922 Clapp's Vegetable Soup (first commercially prepared U.S. baby food),
Pep (breakfast cereal), Mounds & Charleston Chew (candy bars)
1923
Welche's grape jelly, Popsicles, Reese's Peanut Butter Cups,
Yoo-Hoo chocolate drink, Sanka Coffee
1924 Caesar Salad, Wheaties (breakfast cereal), Bit-O-Honey (candy bars),
fruit-flavored Life Savers, Beech-Nut Coffee
1925
Mr. Goodbar
1926 Good Humor (ice cream novelties),
Safeway & IGA (supermarket chains),
Hormel Flavor-Sealed Ham, Milk Duds (candy)
1927 Lender's (bagels), Gerber's (baby food), Pez (breath mint/candies), Mike & Ike candy
Kool-Aid (powdered drink mix), homogenized milk,
1928 Progresso (brand foods), Velveeta cheese, Peter Pan Peanut butter, Butterfinger
1929 Po'Boy sandwiches (New Orleans), Columbo Yogurt, Oscar Meyer wieners,
Karmelkorn,
7-Up
Changing Lifestyles Due to the
Automobile
• Millions of jobs were
created through
factories, oil refineries,
roads, highways, truck
stops, gas stations,
restaurants and tourist
stops
• Many Americans began
to move to the suburbs
to escape crowded
conditions in cities
Mass Culture
• Radio
• Movies
(Above, lines outside a movie theatre)
(Left, family listening to the radio
The Jazz Age
• Fashion Fads,
flappers
• Marathon Dancing
More Fads

Flagpole sitting:
Where young people
would sit for hours
and even days on top
of a flagpole. (The
record: 21 days!)
The Dance Craze
• The Charleston
• Has a quick beat
• Dancers kick out
their feet
• Popular dance for
Flappers: Women
who wore short
skirts (to the
knees), bright red
lipstick, hair cut
short, smoked
and drank in
public, and drove
fast cars
New Music
Jazz: Born in New Orleans, created by
African Americans, combination of West
African rhythms, African American songs
and spirituals, European harmonies
Listen to the song “Heebie Jeebies- What
different rhythms can you recognize?
Famous jazz musicians: Louis Armstrong,
Bessie Smith, “Jelly Roll” Morton
A New Generation of American
Writers
• Depressed about their awful experiences
in World War I
• Criticized Americans for being obsessed
with money and fun
• Many became expatriates (people who
leave their own country to live in a foreign
land) and moved to Europe
Ernest Hemingway
• Wrote about
experiences of
Americans during
WWI and in Europe
• Wrote A Farewell to
Arms, The Sun Also
Rises, The Old Man
in the Sea
F. Scott Fitzgerald
 Wrote about wealthy
young people who go
to constant parties
but cannot find
happiness
 He wrote The Great
Gatsby
 His characters had
flappers,
bootleggers, and
movie makers
Sinclair Lewis
Grew up in a small
town in Minnesota
and moved to New
York City
 He wrote books about
rural people from a
city person’s
perspective (making
them look stupid)
 Wrote Main Street
and Babbitt

The Harlem Renaissance
• In the 1920s, many
African American
artists settled in
Harlem, New York
City
• Black artists,
musicians, and
writers celebrated
their African and
American heritage
Harlem Renaissance Poets
Claude McKay: From
Jamaica, wrote the
poem, “If We Must
Die” that condemned
lynchings
Countee Cullen: Taught
high school in
Harlem, wrote of the
experiences of African
Americans
Zora Neale Hurston
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Write novels, short
essays, short stories
Traveled throughout
the South in a
battered car
collecting folk tales,
songs, and prayers
of black southerners
Published these in
her book, “Mules
and Men”
Langston Hughes
• Most well-known of
•
•
•
•
the Harlem
Renaissance poets
Also wrote plays,
short stories, and
essays
First poem, “The
Negro Speaks of
Rivers”
Encouraged African
Americans to be
proud of their
heritage
Protested racism and
acts of violence
against blacks
“The night is beautiful,
So the faces of my people.
The stars are beautiful,
So the eyes of my people.
Beautiful also, is the sun.
Beautiful also, are the souls of my people.”
-Langston Hughes, “In My People”
Heroes of the 1920s
Athletes:
– Bobby Jones: Won nearly every golfing
championship
– Jack Dempsey: Heavyweight boxing
champion for 7 years
– Bill Tilden and Helen Willis: Tennis
champions
– Gertrude Ederle: 1st woman to swim the
English Channel
Babe Ruth
• Grew up in an
orphanage
• Often in trouble as a
boy
• Hit 60 homeruns in
one season, and 714
overall
• Called the “Sultan of
Swat”
Charles Lindbergh
• The greatest hero of the
1920s
• The first person to fly an
airplane across the
Atlantic Ocean alone
• Flew from New York to
Paris
• Called “Lucky Lindy”
because he had to fly for
33 ½ hours and didn’t
carry a parachute, a
radio, or a map
“The Noble Experiment”
Prohibition
How did Prohibition help
lead to organized
Crime????
SCOPES MONKEY TRIAL
Tennessee - 1925 - Butler Act
John Scopes challenged law
Fight over evolution and the role of
science and religion in
public schools
Other topics that worried Americans,…
• Communism
– economic & political system based on
single-party govt. ruled by dictatorship;
govt. ownership of private property & businesses
– Red Scare
– Palmer Raids
• Immigrants
– Sacco and Vanzetti Case
– Ku Klux Klan
– Emergency Quota Act (1921)
• Goal was to reduce immigration
• Set minimums allowed from each country
– National Origins Act (1924)
• Limited each nation to 2% of the number
living in USA as of 1890
• Prohibited Japanese immigration