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7th Clay problem Similar problem: cuprate superconductors theory: t-J model problem: no Cooper pairs resolution(?): slave-boson decomposition additional abelian compact U(1) gauge symmetry abelian -function - confines at short distance Could this happen to quarks? Could this also happen in Yang-Mills? superfluid density: spin-charge separation vortex tubes and solitons Hietarinta-Salo experiment: Leach et.al. knotted solitons at “low coupling” – Maxwells theory First two terms: Maxwell: Dirac: E-M duality: tentative simulations in YM: Suggests spin-charge separation