Transcript Seeds of change: Emergence of the 1st global age (1450

2. A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements.
3. Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas.
5. Every society has developed some political system by which either the one, the few, or
the many rule over others.
Religion Review
1.
2.
3.
Review your Religion chart with the following slides
What are the common themes found in these religions?
How may these religions lead to conflict?
Renaissance –
The Renaissance led to changes like the rebirth of humanism and the
beginnings of questioning the existing order of religious and political
power as well as development of modern science.
1. Use your notes and homework to complete a Revolution/War
Snapshot
Reformation– challenging the Church
1.
Based on your reading from homework, complete a Revolution/War
Snapshot for the Reformation
1300-1600
1 – Philadelphia
2 – London
3 – Beijing
4 – Sydney
5 – Pretoria
6 – Mumbai
7 - Lima
Pacific
Ocean
What geography theme is represented on this map?
How could we show the other themes?
Arctic Ocean
USA 1
North
Atlantic
America
Ocean
Mexico
South
Brazil
7
America
UK2
Europe
Russia
Asia
Iran
Africa
3
China
6
India
Iraq
Nigeria
5
Antarctica
Indian
Ocean
Oceania
4
UK
Mexi
Iran
Brazi
Niger
Iraq
China
India
USA
World Religions: A Comparison
Buddhism
Name of Deity
The Buddha did not teach a personal deity
Founder
Siddhartha Gautama – called the Buddha (means The
Enlightened One)
Holy Book
No one book—sacred texts including the Perfection of
Wisdom Sutra, Tripitaka, Mahayna Sutras
Leadership
Buddhist monks and nuns
Basic Beliefs
Persons achieve complete peace and happiness (nirvana) by
eliminating material possessions; Nirvana achieved by
following the Noble Eightfold Path. Karma is the concept
that good begets good and bad begets bad.
World Religions: A Comparison
Christianity
Name of Deity
God and Jesus Christ
Founder
Jesus Christ and the Apostles
Holy Book
Bible (Pentateuch, Prophets, Kings, and Apostles)
Leadership
Clergy (priests, ministers, etc.)
Basic Beliefs
There is only one God; Jesus Christ was the son of God.
He died to save humanity from sin, making eternal life
possible for others; Persons achieve salvation by
following teachings of Jesus
World Religions: A Comparison
Hinduism
Name of Deity
Three main Gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
Founder
No one founder
Holy Book
No one book, sacred texts including the Vedas, the
Puranas
Leadership
Guru, Holy Man, Braham priest
Basic Beliefs
The soul never dies but is continually reborn; Persons
achieve happiness after freeing themselves of earthly
desires, Freedom from earthly desires comes from
lifetime of worship, knowledge, and virtuous acts.
World Religions: A Comparison
Islam
Name of Deity
God (Allah)
Founder
Muhammad
Holy Book
Qur’an
Leadership
Sunni and Shi’i have different clergy. Imams, mullahs,
Caliphs, ayatollahs, hojjat al-islam – collectively called
the Ulama
Basic Beliefs
Persons achieve salvation by following the Five Pillars
of Islam and living a just life. These pillars are faith,
almsgiving, fasting (Ramadan), pilgrimage to Mecca,
and prayer,
Difference between Islam and Muslim…



Islam is the religion and Muslims are people
who understand, believe, and practice Islam
properly, i.e. according to the text.
Islam is to Christianity what Muslims are to
Christians.
World Religions: A Comparison
Judaism
Name of Deity
God (Yahweh)
Founder
Abraham
Holy Book
Hebrew Bible (including the Torah)
Leadership
Rabbis
Basic Beliefs
There is only one God; God loves and protects his people but also
holds people accountable for their sins and shortcomings; Persons
serve God by studying the Torah and living by its teachings; major
holidays – Rosh Hashana, Yom Kippur, Passover and Shabbat
World Religions: A Comparison
Confucianism
Name of Deity
No real deity, per se, but a sense that there are gods and spirits
in Heaven
Founder
Confucius (Kung Fu Tzu)
Holy Book
The Analects of Confucius
Leadership
State leaders and recognized teachers
Basic Beliefs
To create a harmonius society, a person should live a life of
virtue here on earth by following a set of ethical guidelines
focused on how to relate to other people. Essentially, treat
people the way you want to be treated, honor your parents, those
above you and respect those below, also honor the ancestors
Religions of the World
Religions of the World



write some conclusions you can draw about
religion, people, conflict, beliefs and geography
Are there similarities amongst these religions?
Do they necessarily have to conflict?
Religion review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Name 3 monotheistic religions
Which religion(s) have multiple holy texts? Name the texts
Which religion(s) has no identified founder?
Which religion(s) believe in Karma?
Which religion(s) are heaven?
Which religion(s) focus primarily on living a virtuous life to
create a harmonious society?
Religion review
Name 3 monotheistic religions
1.
1.
Judaism, Christianity, Islam
Which religion(s) have multiple holy texts? Name the texts
2.
1.
Hinduism – Puranas, Vedas, Buddhism - sutras
Which religion(s) has no identified founder?
3.
1.
Hinduism
Which religion(s) believe in Karma?
4.
1.
Buddhism
Which religion(s) believe in heaven
5.
1.
Islam, Christianity, to some extent Judaism depending on interpretation
Which religion(s) focus primarily on living a virtuous life to create a
harmonious society?
6.
1.
Confucianism
Enduring Understandings
1.
Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment interaction
and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events.
2.
A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements
3.
Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas.
Essential Questions
1. Explain the key ideas that came out of the Renaissance and the
effect these ideas had on exploration, religion, the scientific
revolution and government and politics.
2. Explain how the Renaissance resulted from and expanded on the
radical new idea of the individual “I”.
Activity
1. Use your notes and homework to complete a
Revolution/War Snapshot
RENAISSANCE
Day 5 – Renaissance and Reformation
THE RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance 1300-1600
CAUSES
Short-Term
Long-Term

Historical Centers


Urban centers


Merchants

Secular Writings


Plague
Failing Dark Age
Institutions
Church failures
Trade and travel in
Mediterranean region
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

INDIVIDUALS can be great (FAME)

Focus on SECULAR ideas, not religious

Information for everyone, not just elite

HUMANISM - focus of scholars on human potential
and achievement; studied the “humanities” –
history, literature, philosophy
IMPORTANT…
People

Leonardo da Vinci

Medici family

Machiavelli

Castiglione
Dates/Events




Michelangelo
1434: Medicis take
control in Florence
1455: Gutenberg Bible
published
1513: Prince
published
B. New Writing
 Writing
to be famous
 How to govern, behave
 Machiavelli – first political
scientist
 Famous Quotes:
 “The
end justifies the
means.”
 It is “much safer to be feared
than loved”’.
 “A ruler must be both a lion
and a fox.”
IMPORTANT…
Political/Social/
Economic Changes

Humanism

Growing merchant class


Questioning
importance of religion
in gov’t
Secularism becomes
more acceptable
Literature/Art/Music

The Prince/The
Courtier

The Last Supper

David

Perspective, realism

Printing press
RESULTS
Short-Term



Long-Term
Greater availability of
books

Changes in
art/writing styles

Published laws, maps,
social codes, BIBLES

Widespread
communication
People begin to
question political
structures/ religious
practices
Individuals take
greater control over
their own lives
Renaissance


Renaissance Overview
 Rebirth of learning and education, art and
architecture, modern politics & economics
 Began in Northern Italy
Reasons behind Northern Italy
 Urbanism
 Overseas trade led to large city-states but most of
Europe still rural
 People came to cities to spread/learn new ideas
Renaissance

Reasons behind Northern Italy (cont.)
 Wealthy
merchants
 Dominated
politics
 Had to earn their wealth and power
 Showed their wealth and power by funding the arts
 Greek
and Roman Heritage
 Used
as model for the arts
 Scholars studied Latin manuscripts and literature
 Pope’s
power declined
 England and France at war
Renaissance

Renaissance Mentality
Humanism—focus of scholars on human potential
and achievement; studied the “humanities” – history,
literature, philosophy
 Enjoyment of World Pleasures

You do not need to sacrifice to please God
 People began to wear fine clothing and enjoy fine foods and
music
 Society became more secular (non-religious)



Patrons of Arts
Patrons of the Arts

Popes and merchants became patrons (sponsors) of
the arts
Renaissance

Renaissance
Mentality (cont.)
 Renaissance
 Men
Man
were expected to
create art and master
all areas of study
 Men that excelled in
these areas were called
a “Universal man” or
“Renaissance Man”
Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier



Let the man we are seeking be very bold, stern,
and always among the first, where the enemy
are to be seen; and in every other place, gentle,
modest, reserved, above all things avoiding
ostentation {showiness} and that impudent
{bold} self praise by which men ever excite
hatred and disgust in all who hear them.
What is he saying here?
If you wanted to hire a man like this, what
would the “Want Ad” say?
The personal ad for him would read…
Looking for a man who is charming, witty,
and well educated in the classics. He must
be able to dance, sing, play music, write
poetry, ride horses well, wrestle, and be a
fine swordsman. He must be brave in battle
yet humble outside of battle.
Renaissance

Renaissance
Mentality (cont.)
The Renaissance
Woman
 Upper class women
should also know the
classics and be
charming but not seek
fame
 Should inspire art but
not create it and have
little influence on
politics

What values can we extracted from the pictures
below?
Renaissance Art
Medieval Art



Religious subjects
Two-dimensional
Created “ideal” people
Renaissance Art


Religious and secular
subjects
Realistic portrayal of
individual
Renaissance Art

New Techniques

Perspective
 Creates a 3-D appearance
 Parallel lines move
towards a focal point on
the horizon to create
dimension
 Objects get smaller as
farther back.
 Where is the focal point
in this work?
Renaissance Art

New Techniques (cont.)
 Pyramid
Configuration
 Symmetrical
composition draws your focus to center
of work for climax/focal point
 Chiaroscuro
 The
contrast of light and dark are used to create
dimension
 Fresco
 Painting
on wet plaster
Renaissance Art
From Creation Panel of
The Last Judgment by
Michelangelo FRESCO
Michelangelo’s Sistine
Chapel
CHIAROSCURO
Mona Lisa by Da Vinci
PYRAMID CONFIGURATION
Renaissance Art
MICHAELANGELO
Pieta , 1499
David, 1504
Renaissance Art
MICHAELANGELO: SISTINE CHAPEL
Renaissance Art
LEONARDO Da VINCI
Mona Lisa, 1504
Vitruvian Man, 1485
Renaissance Art
The Last Supper 1498
Renaissance Art
Flying Machine, 1488
Renaissance Art
RAPHAEL
School of Athens
The Wedding of the Virgin
Renaissance Art
BOTTICELLI
The Birth Venus
Renaissance Art
JAN VAN EYCK
Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride
Renaissance Literature and Politics

Literature and Politics
 Niccolo
Machiavelli
 An
Italian political philosopher
 Wrote The Prince in 1513
 While somewhat controversial, his political
philosophy is still studied and used often in today’s
world
“The end justifies the means.”
“… there are two methods of fighting, the one by
law, the other by force: the first method is that of
men, the second of beasts; but as the first is often
insufficient, one must have recourse to the
second…”
Petrarch, Boccaccio and expansion of literature

Petrarch – often referred to as father of humanism




Promoted writing as an important means of communication
Promoted humanism – that humans are the centered of the
earth and have potential and reconciled Classics with
Christianity
Wrote hundreds of poems and letters that were published
throughout Europe - This spread literacy throughout Europe
Boccaccio 

Wrote stories that illustrated human existence using satire and
sarcasm
His stories showed the frailties and foibles of humans.
Renaissance: Northern

Northern Renaissance
 Spreads
to England, France, Germany, and
Flanders
 Why?

France and England involved in 100 Years War (ended
1453)
 Plague
in northern Europe lasted longer
 Difference?
 More
religious in nature than Italian art (less
inspired by Greece and Rome)
Renaissance

Outcomes of Renaissance
 Strong
sense of individualism
 Increase in secularism
 Look for answers beyond The Church
 Sciences
 Other
 Higher
religious ideas
literacy rate
 Emergence of materialism
 Higher standards of living
Enduring Understandings
1.
Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment interaction
and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events.
2.
A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements
3.
Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas.
Essential Question
1. Explain how the Reformation resulted from and
expanded on the radical new idea of the individual “I”
and then affected European politics and science.
Activity
1. Use your notes and homework to complete a
Revolution/War Snapshot
REFORMATION
Day 5 – Reformation and Scientific Revolution
THE RFORMATION
The Reformation 1517-1648
CAUSES
Short-Term
 An
attempt to
reform a corrupt
Catholic Church
 Teaching and sales
of indulgences
 Sparked when
Martin Luther
published the
Ninety-Five Theses
Long-Term




Corruption in all levels of
the church
Poor education of clergy
Clergy up to pope focused
on worldly pursuits rather
than just religion
Resistance to taxation by
the newly secular
merchant class and
aristocracy
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS



Individuals can have a personal relationship
with God – they don’t need priests
VERNACULAR prayers, services and bible
(Guttenberg’s printing press helps)
No holy relics and churches have a lot less
hierarchy
IMPORTANT…
People

Martin Luther

King Henry VIII
Dates/Events




John Calvin
John Knox
(Presbyterianism)

1455: Gutenberg Bible
published
1517 Luther’s 95
Theses
1532: King Henry VIII
creates Anglicanism
Reformation

Reformation Outside
Germany
 Henry VIII (England)
 Henry VIII desire for a male
heir and divorce prompted the
creation of Church of England
 Marriage to Catherine of
Aragon produced female
heir (Mary I)
 Religious changes slower in
England than elsewhere
middle way between Roman
Catholic Church & Protestant
Traditions
Henry VII: Six wives whom he
beheaded!
IMPORTANT…
Political/Social/
Economic Changes



Literature/Art/Music
Personal God

Vernacular religious
language

Questioning
traditional
institutions

95 Theses
some prohibitions of
music
Shakespeare
RESULTS
Short-Term





Luther is tried, convicted,
excommunicated, and the HRE
issues the Edict of Worms
German Princes break from
HRE
Led to series of religious wars
that culminated (ended) in the
Thirty Years’ War that ended
with the Peace of Westphalia
German Peasant Revolt
Published laws, maps, social
codes, BIBLES
Long-Term



New religions (in
particular, Calvinism and
other Protestant sects)
effectively forbade
wastefully using hard
earned money and
identified the purchase of
luxuries a sin
Weakened the Catholic
Church and promoted
new states’ powers
outside of religion
Break up of parts of HRE
Reformation spreads



Luther’s reform call leads peasants to revolt
against abuse and corruption in their churches
and the princes who were connected to the
church.
Luther does not support the peasants – is
appalled at their attempt to change the social
order
Princes massacre the peasants, with Luther’s
blessing – 100,000 killed
Layout of European Christendom
Reformation

Martin Luther
 Nailed Ninety-Five Theses to door
of All Saint’s Church (maybe not)
 Theses criticized Catholic Church
and Pope but concentrated on:
 Selling of indulgences
 Doctrinal policies about
purgatory, particular
judgment, devotion to Mary
and the saints, most of the
sacraments, & clerical
celibacy
 Several reformists followed his
lead with help of the printing
press
Reformation

Reformation
Outside of
Germany
 Elizabeth
I (England)
 Supported
establishment of
Protestant English
Church
 Governed on consensus
(agreement)
 Reign became known
as the Elizabethan Era
“Virgin” Queen
Reformation

Reformation Outside Germany
 John Calvin and Calvinism
(Switzerland)
 French theologian that believed
people were always combating evil
and religion was guidance to fight
one’s tendency toward sin
 Other beliefs include:
 Theocracy—elect those God
has chosen for salvation
 Predestination/Predetermined
Salvation—”God adopts some
to the hope of life and adjudges
others to eternal death”
Reformation

Reformation Outside
Germany
 John Knox and
Presbyterianism (Scotland)
 Modified Calvin’s theocracy
 Beliefs include:
 Sovereignty of God
 Authority of scriptures
 Importance of grace
through faith in Christ
 Presbyterianism becomes
national religion of Scotland
The Catholic Counter-Reformation


Jesuits under Ignatious of Loyola present some
church reforms like building schools, gaining new
converts and fighting against protestants
At the Council of Trent, 3 different Popes defined
Church teachings and opposed protestants in the
areas of:





Scripture and Tradition
Original Sin, Justification,
Sacraments,
the Eucharist in Holy Mass and
the veneration of saints but mostly just reaffirm Church
doctrine
Reformation

Effects of Reformation
 Led
to series of religious wars that culminated
(ended) in the Thirty Years’ War that ended with
the Peace of Westphalia
 New religions (in particular, Calvinism and other
Protestant sects) effectively forbade wastefully
using hard earned money and identified the
purchase of luxuries a sin
 Weakened the Catholic Church and promoted
new states’ powers outside of religion
Test your skills…
Europe Map Game