Transcript Document

WHAT WILL BE COVERED
• The crucial role of measurement in science
• Variables measured by the CTS
• History of the CTS
• Theoretical basis
• Measurement strategy
• Reliability and validity
• Uses of the CTS
• Criticisms of the CTS and attempts to ban the CTS
• The controversy about partner violence (PV) by women
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THE ROLE OF MEASUREMENT IN SCIENCE
• To understand any field of science, requires understanding
of the way the it measures what it studies
• No one can be an astronomer without understanding the
Hubble space telescope – revolutionized astronomy
• No one can understand family violence as a field of science
without understanding the CTS
 Applies
regardless of opinion of the CTS
 A large
part of what is known about family violence is
based on data obtained with the CTS
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LIKE THE INVENTION OF THE TELESCOPE
• Could see things that could not be seen before, even
though they were there
• Led to a tremendous expansion of research
RESEARCH USING THE CTS
• 10+ Books
• 600+ Scientific Journal Articles
• 5+ Scientific Journal Articles Published every month
• These are minimum estimates
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VARIABLES MEASURED BY THE CTS
CTS2 (FOR MEASURING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
•
•
•
•
•
MARRIED OR DATING PARTNERS)
PHYSICAL ASSAULT
INJURY
SEXUAL COERCION
PSYCHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION
NEGOTIATION
CTSPC (FOR MEASURING PARENT-T0-CHILD
RELATIONSHIPS
Non-Violent Discipline
Physical Assault
Minor = Corporal Punishment, Severe = Physical Abuse
Psychological Aggression
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THE CONFLICT TACTICS SCALES (CTS2)
Relationship Behaviors
No matter how well a couple gets along, there are times when they disagree, get
annoyed with the other person, want different things from each other, or just have
spats or fights because they are in a bad mood, are tired, or for some other
reason. Couples also have many different ways of trying to settle their
differences. This is a list of things that might happen when you have differences.
Please circle how many times you did each of these things in the past year, and
how many times your partner did them in the past year. If you or your partner did
not do one of these things in the past year, but if happened before that, circle “7.”
1 = Once in the past year
2 = Twice in the past year
3 = 3-5 times in the past year
4 = 6-10 times in the past year
5 = 11-20 times in the past year
6 = More than 20 times in past year
7 = Not in the past year, but it did happen before
0 = This has never happened
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HISTORY OF THE CTS
ILLUSTRATES THE INVESTMENT NEEDED
TO DEVELOP ADEQUATE MEASURES
* QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION (1970-71)
ACTS, VOCABULARY, MEANING
* FORM A (1971-72)
STUDENT RESPONDENT STUDY
ILLUSTRATES REPLICATION FOR SEVERAL ROLES
* FORM N 1975 NATIONAL FAMILY VIOLENCE SURVEY
R 1985 NATIONAL FAMILY VIOLENCE SURVEY
* MANY MODIFICATIONS BY OTHERS
REVISED CTS
• CTS2, 1996
• CTSPC, 1998
• ADULT-RECALL/CHILD-REPORT VERSIONS, 1999
• SHORT FORMS 2004
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THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE CTS
CONFLICT THEORY
CONFLICT VERSUS CONFLICT TACTICS
CTS MEASURES CONFLICT TACTICS, NOT CONFLICT, EXCEPT BY
INFERENCE
EXAMPLE OF A MEASURE OF CONFLICT
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4. MEASUREMENT STRATEGY
 * MEASURES BEHAVIOR, NOT ATTITUDES OR MOTIVES
* DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN ACTS AND INJURIES
* INTENDED FOR USE WITH OTHER INSTRUMENTS
* PROVIDES DATA ON MINOR AND SEVERE LEVELS

* MODULAR AND SYMMETRICAL
Analogous to a fully crossed experiment
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RELIABILITY OF THE CTS
* PURPOSE: To explain the concept of reliability and
how it is measured
• WHAT IS RELIABILITY?
• The consistency of measurement
• An instrument can be highly reliable and be consistently wrong
•
* INTERNAL CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY
Alpha coefficient
Factor Structure
Not a necessary characteristic of a measure
* TEMPORAL CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY
Test-Retest Correlation
An essential characteristic of a measure - necessary
* EXAMPLES OF HIGH RELIABILITY AND ZERO VALIDITY
Dot test for admission to graduate school
Color as measure of wine quality
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
VALIDITY OF THE CTS
* WHAT IS VALIDITY
The extent to which an instrument measures what it is
intended to measure
* MEASURES OF VALIDITY
- Content Validity – spelling test example
- High Disclosure Rate
- Concurrent Validity
Correlation of partner reports
Correlation with other instruments
- Construct Validity
`
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HIGH DISCLOSURE RATE
CTS RATE IS
COMPARISON OF CTS WITH
GREATER
NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY
18 TIMES
NATIONAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN SURVEY
15 TIMES
CLIENTS OF COUPLE AND FAMILY THERAPY
4 TIMES
NATIONAL CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT DATA SYSTEM 16 TIMES
NATIONAL INCIDENCE STUDY OF CHILD ABUSE
8 TIMES
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WHY DOES THE CTS SECURE
MORE DISCLOSURE?
* CONTEXT OF LEGITIMATION (“WE ALL DO IT” APPROACH)
 EXCULPATORY INTRODUCTION
 HOW MANY TIMES DID YOU DO IT, NOT WHETHER DONE
 ASKS WHAT BOTH RESPONDENT AND PARTNER DID
* FAMILY PROBLEMS CONTEXT RATHER THAN SAFETY, INJURY
CRIME, OR FEAR
• FOCUS IS ON BEHAVIOR RATHER THAN OUTCOMES SUCH AS
INJURY (INJURY IS RELATIVELY RARE)
• AVOIDS DISPARAGING TERMS SUCH AS ABUSE OR VIOLENCE
• ALSO MEASURES NEGOTIATION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION,
WHICH CAN JUSTIFY HITTING (TRIED EVERYTHING)
• DOES NOT DEPEND ON BEHAVIOR BEING KNOWN OR REPORTED BY
OTHERS
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EXAMPLE OF
CONCURRENT
VALIDITY
WHY DOES THIS
INDICATE
VALIDITY?
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EXAMPLE OF
CONSTRUCT
VALIDITY
EVIDENCE
E
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USE OF THE
CTS2 TO
MEASURE
WHETHER
GROUP
TREATMENT
WORKS TO
REDUCE
PARTNER
VIOLENCE BY
WOMEN WHO
HAVE PTSD
AND THOSE
WHO DO NOT
WHAT DO THE
RESULTS IN
EACH ROW
SHOW?
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THE CTS AND THE CONTROVERSY ABOUT
VIOLENCE BY WOMEN
Previous slides are a small fraction of the evidence
showing that the CTS is a valid instrument - Hundreds
of studies
 At the same time many books and articles assert that
the CTS is not valid and that it produces misleading
results
Why? Studies using the CTS show that women
perpetrate partner violence (PV) at about the same rate
as men. Therefore the CTS must be invalid.
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CENSORSHIP OF SCIENCE WHEN IT
CONFLICTS WITH DEEPLY HELD BELIEFS
OR CONTRADICTS THOSE IN POWER
• LATE 16th century: Rejection of the evidence from the newly invented
telescope that the earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric nature of
the solar system)
• LATE 20th century and continuing: Rejection of the evidence from the
newly invented CTS that about the same percent of women assault their
partners as men
• LATE 20th century and continuing: Rejection of the evidence that
spanking children is harmful
• MANY OTHER EXAMPLES
Global warming
Evolution
Abstinence only sex education
Boot camps and “Scared Straight”
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Scientists Accuse White House of Distorting Facts
By JAMES GLANZ New York Times February 18, 2004
The Bush administration has deliberately and systematically distorted
scientific fact in the service of policy goals on the environment, health,
biomedical research and nuclear weaponry at home and abroad, a group of
about 60 influential scientists, including 20 Nobel laureates, said in a
statement issued today.
The sweeping charges were later discussed in a conference call with some
of the
scientists that was organized by the Union of Concerned Scientists, an
independent
organization that focuses on technical issues and has often taken stands at
odds with
administration policy. The organization also issued a 37-page report today
that it said detailed the accusations.
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THE TELESCOPE AND THE “LIES” IT REVEALED
GALILEO GALILEI
• Born in Pisa, Italy in 1564. Professor of mathematics
• Most famous invention was the telescope (1609)
• Discovered the four satellites of Jupiter, observed a supernova, verified the
phases of Venus, and discovered sunspots
• His discoveries proved the Copernican system which states that the earth and
other planets revolve around the sun
• Was tried and sentenced to lifetime confinement in his home
BRUNO
• Published book in 1585 defending the heliocentric theory of Copernicus
• Was tried as a heretic. Even after a long imprisonment, would not recant
• Burned at the stake
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GALILEO AND BRUNO
• Galileo was a prudent man and accepted his sentence
• Bruno was a firebrand and insisted on defying the church
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THE CTS AND THE LIES THAT IT REVEALED
WOMEN PERPETRATE PARTNER VIOLENCE
AT ABOUT THE SAME RATE AS MEN
U.S. NATIONAL FAMILY VIOLENCE SURVEYS, AS REPORTED BY
WOMEN
ASSAULTS BY:
Men
WOMEN
A. MINOR ASSAULTS
`
1975
`
1985
1992
8.6
7.2
10.5
8.3
7.4
10.0
B. SEVERE ASSAULTS
1975
1985
1992
4.1
4.2
2.4
4.4
4.2
2.9
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National Comorbidity Study. N = 3,537 age 15-54
(Kessler et al, 2001)
PERCENT OF MEN AND WOMEN WHO
ASSAULTED A PARTNER
IN PREVIOUS 12 MONTHS
Minor assaults as reported by female partner
Severe assaults as reported by female partner
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ASSAULTS BY:
MEN WOMEN
17.4% 17.7%
6.5%
6.2%
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Fig. 6. Couple Symmetry Types
By Sex of Respondent (All Assaults)
UNIVERSITY
OF TEXAS
STUDENTS
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
MALE RESPONDENTS
N=177
FEMALE RESPONDENTS
N=376
Chi-square = 1.803, p .406
N for Male Respondents = 177 (Male Aggressor=19, Female Aggressor=28, Both Aggress=130)
N for Female Respondents = 376 (Male Aggressor=35, Female Aggressor=77, Both Aggress=264)
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NATIONAL SURVEY OF HOUSEHOLD & FAMILIES
SUDIES USING
OTHER METHODS
11
10
(BENSON, FOX & DEMARIS, 2000)
WHAT ARE 3 RESULTS SHOWN?
Assaults by Male Partner
Assaults by Female Partner
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Other
Disadvantaged
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Other
Disadvantaged
Hispanic
Other
Disadvantaged
African American
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CANADIAN GOVERNMENT SURVEY, 1999
ASSAULTED BY A PARTNER IN LAST 5 YEARS
MEN
7%
WOMEN
8%
PHYSICALLY INJURED BY PARTNER
13%
40%
RECEIVED MEDICAL ATTENTION
3%
15%
FEARED FOR THEIR LIFE
7%
38%
Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile 2000. Statistics Canada, July 2000. Publication
85-224-XIE
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B R IT IS H C R IM E S U R V E Y , 1 9 9 6
 A ssa u lte d P a rtn e r p a st ye a r
 In ju re d p a rtn e r
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4%
49%
W OMEN
4%
31%
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WOMEN COMMIT ABOUT A THIRD OF
MURDERS OF INTIMATE PARTNERS, BUT
THE PERCENTAGE HAS BEEN DECREASING
WOMEN'S
40
SHARE OF
OF
PARTNERS
FEMALE OFFENDER PERCENT
HOMICIDE
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
BASED ON GREENFELD ET AL, VIOLENCE BY INTIMATES , APPENDIX TABLE 5
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE PUBLICATION NCJ-167237, 1998
CHARTS\FAMVIOL\GENDER\HOMICIDE
c
BY FEMALES
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D. WHAT EXPLAINS THE BELIEF THAT
PARTNER VIOLENCE IS PRIMARILY
A MALE CRIME?
• AMONG CASES RECORDED BY POLICE 80-99% ARE BY MEN
• SYMPATHY FOR VICTIMS (WHO ARE PREDOMINANTLY WOMEN)
• OUTSIDE THE FAMILY, MALE VIOLENCE IS 10 TIMES GREATER
• EFFORTS OF FEMINISTS IS WHAT BROUGHT THE ISSUE ISSUE
OF PARTNER VIOLENCE TO PUBLIC ATTENTION
• VIOLATES CULTURAL NORM OF "NEVER HIT A WOMAN" VERSUS
IMPLICIT NORM TOLERATING VIOLENCE BY WOMEN
• MEDIA DISTORTIONS
• SUPPRESSION OF THE EVIDENCE BY RESEARCHERS
Feminist researchers
Fear of reprisal by other researchers
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MEDIA COVERAGE OFTEN MISREPRESENTS
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SUPPRESSION OF THE EVIDENCE:
TWO VERSIONS OF THE SAME STUDY
A.
1987 VERSION
Husband-to-Wife
Overall Violence (1-8)
Severe Violence (4-8)
B.
Wife-to-Husband
Overall Violence (1-8)
Severe Violence (4-8)
1989 PUBLISHED VERSION
``
Husband-to-Wife
Overall Violence (1-8)
Severe Violence (4-8)
Rate Per 100 Couples
US
ALBERTA
11.3
3.0
11.2
2.3
12.1
4.4
12.4
4.7
Rate Per 100 Couples
US
ALBERTA
11.3
3.0
11.2
2.3
MISSING
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EXAMPLES OF OTHER EFFORTS TO SUPPRESS
* UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE
Campaign to have Suzanne Steinmetz fired
Bomb threat at daughter's wedding
* UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA
Lecturer's contract not renewed
* MY EXPERIENCES
 Prevented from speaking at U of Mass.
 Accused of wife beating
 Accused of sexually exploiting students
 Walk out at my SSSP presidential address
 Presidential address published with rejoinders
 Graduate student warned she will never get a job if she does
her dissertation research with me
• MANY OTHER CASES
• A CLIMATE OF FEAR LED TO SELF-CENSORSHIP
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MAIN REASON FOR REJECTION OF THE CTS
AS A VALID MEASURE
STUDIES USING THE CTS SHOW THAT WOMEN PERPETRATE
ASSAULTS ON PARTNERS AS OFTEN AS MEN
CRITICS DO NOT BELIEVE THAT THIS IS TRUE
THEREFORE, THE CTS MUST BE INVALID
"BLAMING THE MESSANGER FOR THE BAD NEWS"
IGNORES THE FACT THAT STUDIES USING OTHER MEASURES
ALSO FIND THIS
THE ONLY EXCEPTION IS STUDIES USING POLICE CALLS, AND
THAT IS BECAUSE OF THE NATURE OF THE CASES IN
WHICH THE POLICE ARE INVOLVED.
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7. OTHER CRITICISMS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE CTS
PURPORTEDLY FEMINIST CRITICISMS
 RESTRICTED TO CONFLICT RELATED VIOLENCE
 IGNORES CONTEXT
 IGNORES NON-CONFLICT ASSAULTS
 DOES NOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT SMALLER AVERAGE SIZE OF WOMEN
 DOES NOT MEASURE INJURY
 EQUATES ACTS THAT DIFFER IN SERIOUSNESS
 IGNORES WHO INITIATES THE ASSAULTS
OTHER CRITICISMS OF THE CTS
 FREQUENCY RESPONSE CATEGORIES ARE UNREALISTIC
 ONE YEAR REFERENT PERIOD IS UNREALISTIC
 LIMITED SET OF VIOLENT ACTS
 CTS2: LONG IF ALL 5 SCALES ARE ASKED FOR RESPONDENT AND PARTNER
AS A PARENT-CHILD MEASURE
 STILL NOT WELL SUITED TO INFANTS
• ONE YEAR REFERENT PERIOD TOO LONG
FOR ACTS THAT OCCUR DAILY, LIKE SPANKING
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POINTS TO BE SURE YOU UNDERSTAND
• What the CTS2 measures
• How it measures these variable
• Reliability and validity of a measure
• Evidence of validity of the CTS2
Disclosure rate
Concurrent validity
Construct validity
• Limitations of the CTS2
• Difference between men and women in partner violence (PV)
• Why the vitriolic criticism of the CTS and attacks on the author?
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