Transcript Bridging the Gap between Academic Research and

Preventing Fall Injuries in Construction
Xiuwen Sue Dong,
DrPH
Data Center Director
CPWR - Center
for
Construction
Research and
Training
Silver Spring,
MD
RtPtR
Sang D. Choi,
CSP, CPE, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of
Occupational &
Environmental
Safety & Health
University of
Wisconsin
Whitewater, WI
James G. Borchardt,
CSP, CPE, CRIS
Ergonomics Consultant
Bettendorf, IA
Agenda
• Learning Objectives
• Background & Introduction
• BLS Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System
(OIICS)
• Regulations/Resources & Research
• Good Practices
• Q&A
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this presentation the attendee will be able to:
• Describe and explain the trends and patterns of fatal falls among
construction workers
• Recognize the recent changes in the BLS Occupational Injury and
Illness Classification System (OIICS), and how these changes
affect fall injury surveillance in construction
• Identify the examples of effective applications and “good
practices” for fall protection and prevention interventions
Construction employment, 1992-2011
12
10.7
9.4
Millions of employees
10
8
7.6
7.0
0.6
0.8
8.0
0.9
9.3
8.6
1.5
1.2
1.6
11.8
11.2 11.7
10.1
2.1
2.3
2.6
2.9
10.9
9.7
3.0
2.7
2.3
9.1
9.1
2.2
2.2
6.9
6.8
6
4
6.4
6.7
7.1
7.4
7.9
7.8
8.0
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.9
8.3
7.4
2
0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Non-Hispanic
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992-2011 Current Population Survey.
Calculations by CPWR Data Center.
Hispanic
Fatal injuries in construction, 1992-2011
Number
Rate
1,400
16
14.3
Number of deaths
12
1,000
8.8P
760P
800
10
8
600
6
400
4
200
2
0
0
19921993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
Year
P=Preliminary
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992-2011 Current Population Survey and Census of Fatal Occupational
6
Injuries. Calculation by CPWR Data Center.
2009
2011
Rate per 100,000 FTE
14
1,200
Fall fatalities in construction, 1992-2011
Number
Percent
Linear (Percent)
500
40%
448
436
423
377
365
331 338 338
300
337
35%
287
270 275
267 260P
200
30%
100
0
25%
19921993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Year
P=Preliminary
Source: 1992-2011 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Calculations by CPWR Data Center.
Due to the coding system change, 2011 data may not be comparable to those from previous years.
2007
2009
2011
Percentage of fatal falls
Number of fatal falls
396
380 385 380 375
400
450
Leading causes of fatalities in construction, 1992-2010
(All employment)
450
400
Number of deaths
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000 2002
Year
Fall to lower level
2004
2006
2008
Highway incidents
Struck by object
Electrocution
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992-2010 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
2010
Rate per 10,000 FTEs
Leading causes of nonfatal injuries resulting in days away
from work in construction, 1992-2010
(Private wage-and-salary workers)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1992
1994
1996
Struck by object
1998
2000
2002
Year
Fall to lower level
2004
2006
2008
2010
Overexertion in lifting
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1992-2010 Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illness
Causes of fatal falls in construction
(Sum of 2008-2010)
Total = 891 deaths
Other (17.0)
From roof (31.0%)
From girder, struct. steel (6.7%)
From nonmoving vehicle (7.1%)
From scaffold, staging (14.6%)
From ladder (23.6%)
Source: 2008-2010 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Calculations by CPWR Data Center.
This research was conducted with restricted access to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data. The views expressed here do
not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS.
Rate of fatalities from falls, selected construction
occupations, 2008-2010 average (All employment)
Deaths per 100,000 FTEs
Power-line installer
Roofer
Ironworker
Sheet metal
Laborer
Welder
Brickmason
Painter
Helper
Foreman
Carpenter
Electrician
Drywall
Heat A/C mech
Plumber
Construction manager
All construction
28.5
23.8
23.8
6.5
5.7
5.3
5.1
4.7
4.0
4.0
3.6
2.5
2.3
2.1
1.4
1.1
3.2
Source: 2008-2010 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries and Current Population Survey. Calculations by CPWR Data Center.
This research was conducted with restricted access to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data. The views expressed here do not
necessarily reflect the views of the BLS.
Fatal falls from roofs in construction, by age group,
2003-2009 average
Percent
3.0
Rate
25%
2.5
20%
2.0
15%
1.5
10%
1.0
5%
0.5
0%
0.0
16-19
20-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Age group
Source: Dong, X., Choi, S., Borchardt, J., Wang X., and Largay, J., 2013. Fatal Falls from Roofs
among US Construction Workers. Journal of Safety Research, 44:17-24.
Deaths per 100,000 FTEs
Percentage of fatal falls from roofs
30%
Rate of fatal falls from roofs by selected characteristics,
2003-2009 average
2.0
Deaths per 100,000 FTEs
1.79
1.82
1.5
1.05
1.17
1.17
1.0
0.5
0.0
AfricanAmerican
Hispanic
Foreign-born
Self-employed All construction
Dong, X., Choi, S., Borchardt, J., Wang X., and Largay, J., 2013. Fatal Falls from Roofs among US
Construction Workers. Journal of Safety Research, 44:17-24.
OIICS Revision
(Version 2.01)
•
Expansion of coding categories that could yield more detail and
useful safety prevention measures
Code existing “unspecified” and “not elsewhere classified”
•
Contraction of coding categories that were too detailed or too
cumbersome or never yielded enough cases
E.g., “ground” as the Source of a fall
Nature or event code also included the source
Detail was eliminated for rarely used codes
•
•
Event underwent the most substantial revision
Transportation incidents
Pedestrians in work zones/roadway/side of the road/non-roadway
Struck by forward /backward-moving vehicles; vehicles struck by another
vehicle
New Codes for Fall Injuries
• Slips, trips, and losses of balance-without falls (previously
included in the bodily reaction and exertion category)has
been combined with those for Falls to make up the new
division “Falls, Slips, Trips”
- Prevention measures would be similar for Falls, Slips, Trips, and
Losses of Balance without falls
• Distance of falls: this enhancement will be especially useful for
determining the severity of falls from certain heights and for
evaluating fatal falls.
Fatal falls/slips/trips in selected industries, 2011
Deaths
Construction
260
Manufacturing
48
Agriculture
38
Transportation
28
24
Retail
Wholesale
20
Education
19
Health care
18
Public admin
16
Mining
13
Utilities
11
Note: Data are preliminary
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
Fatalities from falls to lower level in
construction, by height of fall, 2011
Total = 248 deaths
6.0%
Less than 6 feet
21.7%
6-15 feet
26.6%
16-20 feet
21-30 feet
30 feet or more
29.3%
16.4%
Note: Data are preliminary
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Calculations by
CPWR Data Center.
Number of fatal falls from collapsing structure
or equipment, by height of fall, 2011
12
10
Number of deaths
10
8
7
6
4
3
2
0
N/A
N/A
6 ft or less
6-10
11-15
16-20
N/A
N/A
21-25
26-30
Height of fall
Note: Data are preliminary
“N/A" represents no data reported or data that do not meet the BLS data release criteria.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
30 ft or
more
Number of fatal falls through surface or existing
opening, by height of fall, 2011
12
Number of deaths
10
9
8
8
6
6
5
4
4
2
0
N/A
6 ft or less
N/A
6-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
26-30
Height of fall
Note: Data are preliminary
“N/A" represents no data reported or data that do not meet the BLS data release criteria.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
30 ft or
more
Number of other fatal falls to lower level, by height of
fall, 2011
40
Number of deaths
35
34
35
29
30
25
19
20
15
20
19
21-25
26-30
12
10
5
0
6 ft or less
6-10
11-15
16-20
Height of fall
Note: Data are preliminary
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
30 ft or
more
Number of Fatal falls to lower level, by cause and
height, 2011
From collapsing structure or equipment
Through surface/existing opening
60
54
Other fall to lower level
Number of deaths
50
42
44
40
30
25
23
20
20
12
10
0
6 ft or less
6-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
26-30
Height of fall
Note: Data are preliminary
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Calculations
by CPWR Data Center.
30 ft or
more
Fatal falls to lower level from 15 feet or less,
by construction subsector, 2011
% of fatal falls
Building equipment
50.0%
Residential building
40.7%
Building finishing
35.1%
Other specialty trade
33.3%
Building foundation &
exterior
Utility system
Non-residential building
26.8%
22.2%
18.2%
Note: Data are preliminary
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Calculations by
CPWR Data Center.
Fall Prevention Methods
• Enforce OSHA Regulations
• Strengthen Fall Protection Programs
• Evaluate Effectiveness – Training
• Develop Fall Protection Equipment
Fall Prevention
Enforce OSHA Regulations
 1926 Subpart M - Fall Protection
 1926 Subpart L – Scaffolds
 1926 Subpart R - Steel Erection
 1926 Subpart E - Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment
(safety belts, lifelines, and lanyards, safety nets)
 1926 Subpart X – Ladders
 1926 Subpart CC – Cranes and Derricks
Fall Protection Systems
 Guardrail system
 Personal fall arrest
systems
 Safety nets
 Warning line system
and safetymonitoring system
(no wider than 50ft)
PFASProductivity? Body Discomfort??
Rope Grab
Self-Retracting Lanyard
Fall Prevention Resources
OSHA Prevention Videos (v-Tool)
Floor Openings
http://www.osha.gov/dts/vtools/construction/falls_floor_fnl_eng_web.html
Skylights
http://www.osha.gov/dts/vtools/construction/falls_floor_fnl_eng_web.html
Scaffolding
http://www.osha.gov/dts/vtools/construction/scaffolding_fnl_eng_web.html
Bridge Decking
http://www.osha.gov/dts/vtools/construction/falls_from_bridge_fnl_eng_web.html
Re-roofing
http://www.osha.gov/dts/vtools/construction/reroofing_fnl_eng_web.html
Leading Edge Work
http://www.osha.gov/dts/vtools/construction/falls_leading_edge_fnl_eng_web.html
Fall Prevention Resources (cont’d)
- CPWR
What is Prevention through
Design (PtD)?
 The process addressing construction site safety and health,
and planning for future maintenance in the design phase of
a project
 Being conscious of and valuing the safety of construction
workers when performing design tasks
 Making design decisions based in part on how the project's
inherent risk to construction workers may be affected
 Including EHSS considerations in the constructability review
process
 A project management technique to review construction processes from
start to finish during the pre-construction phase. It is better to identify
obstacles before a project is actually built to reduce or prevent error, delays,
and cost overrun.
 Also, called Designing for Construction Safety (DfCS)
Accidents linked to Design
22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002
in Oregon, WA and CA
42% of 224 fatalities in U.S. between 1990-2003
In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that 60% of fatal
accidents resulted in part from decisions made
before site work began
Hazards Recognition
 Hazards
Recognition Tools:





What-if
FTA
PHA
FMEA
Design
checklist
 Plan review
 Case studies
DfCS -- Examples
The Erector-Friendly Column:

Include holes in columns at 21”
and 42” for guardrail cables and
at higher locations for
fall protection tie-offs

Locate column splices and
connections at reasonable heights
above floor

Provide seats for beam connections
DfCS -- Examples
 Anchorage Points
Aging Workforce
in Construction
Considering that more than 40%
of construction workers are baby
boomers (born between 1946 and
1964)
43
Age (in years)
 Due to the rapidly increasing
numbers of older workers in the
workforce there is an urgent need
to give particular consideration to
understanding and addressing the
needs of older workers in the
construction sector
Average age of workers, construction and all
industries, 1985-2010 (All employment)
42
Construction
41
All industries
40
39
38
37
36
35
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1985-2010 Current Population Survey. Calculations by CPWR Data Center.
Age Group
66
-7
0
61
-6
5
56
-6
0
51
-5
5
46
-5
0
41
-4
5
36
-4
0
31
-3
5
26
-3
0
21
-2
5
16
-2
0
Number of accidents
Workers Accidents per Age Group
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Median days away from work by age group, construction vs.
all industries, 2010 (Private wage-and-salary workers)
25
Median number of days
Construction
21
All industries
20
18
16
14
15
13
12
10
10
5
15
8
3
4
5 5
8
8
6
0
16-19
20-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
All
Age group
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Work-related injuries and illnesses database, Nonfatal cases involving days away
from work, Selected characteristics.
Aging workforce – how different?
 Loss of Balance
 Postural sway increases with aging
 Impairments in the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory
systems
 Vestibular neurons decrease both in numbers and size of
nerve fiber with aging, beginning at about age 40
 Persons over age 70 may have lost 40% of the sensory cells
 Older people are slower to make postural adaptations to an
unexpected loss of balance
 Increased falling is due both to a physiological decline in postural control with
advancing age and to a decline due to disease of the CNS, or medication (drugrelated symptoms).
Workers’ Compensation Costs of Falls in
Construction
42
Fall Injuries amongst Roofers and Carpenters
Falls from Elevations by Roofers cost approx. $106,000 each
Falls from Elevations by Carpenters cost over $97,000 each
The average cost of a fall from elevation for all Other
Occupational Classifications was under $50,000
Falls from Ladders or Scaffolds by Roofers cost
approximately $68,000 each
Falls from Ladders or Scaffolds by Carpenters cost nearly
$62,000 each
Falls on Same Level are expensive too - about $25,000
43
Good Practices
Hierarchy Plan of Action
Fall Exposures from Height & Same Level
Eliminate Fall Exposures
Reduce Fall Exposures
Apply Administrative Controls
Good Practices
Eliminate Fall Exposures (examples)
Preplan
Perform tasks at ground level before elevating structure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Install FP anchorages/railings while structure on ground
Grease sheaves before booming up cranes
Fill in trenches and excavations, at least, daily
Install remote grease fittings to lubricate conveyor pulley
Perform vehicle/equipment maintenance at ground level
Provide protective barriers i.e. railings, covers, gratings
Good Practices
Reduce Fall Exposures (examples)
Preplan
Modify Work Environments and Tasks
• Provide Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS)
• Use correct equipment for tasks
• tall enough ladders, manlifts instead of ladders, JLG vs. scaffold
• Position equipment properly
• solid and level surfaces
• move from ground, not while elevated
• Improve housekeeping
• Provide non-slip access and egress
Good Practices
Apply Administrative Controls
• Provide warning devices i.e. cones, caution tape/flags, painted lines,
“restrictive access” signs
• Provide competent person to inspect worksites daily
• “trained” to identify falls exposures
• “authorized” to enforce fall prevention measures
• Train workers to
• identify falls exposures of Their jobs
• perform tasks properly i.e. “3 point contact” climbing
• use/inspect/maintain fall protection equipment correctly
• Enforce fall prevention methods & equipment on Every job
• Maintain records: training, inspections, “near miss” evaluation
Fatal Construction Falls, 2012
http://stopconstructionfalls.com/
A Case of Fatal Fall
http://stopconstructionfalls.com/?page_id=4
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Questions