Transcript Nexperia Media Processors

Low Frequency Narrowband PLC for
Neighborhood Area Networks
Shakti Prasad Shenoy, Ph. D
Architect, Smart Home and Energy
NXP Semiconductors India, Bangalore
Presentation Outline
Communication and Networking Requirements for
Automatic Metering Networks (AMN)
Narrowband Power Line Communications (NB-PLC) for
AMN
NXPs PLC solution NPC1100
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 2
Communication Challenges Unique to AMN
Quality of Service (QoS) requirements and load patterns significantly
different from typical mobile voice/data network
Network planning and optimization important.
– Need for Self Organizing Network supporting communications route
discovery, connection establishment and maintenance to provide the
performance guarantees required by metering applications.
Protection of metered data against unauthorized access a key
requirement for both consumers and utilities
– Non-repudiation: Provides proof of the integrity and origin of data. An
authentication that can be asserted as genuine with high degree of
certainty
– Comprehensive specification of AMI security requirements in “AMI System
Security Requirements. Technical Report, AMI-SEC TF, OpenSG,
December 2008”
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 3
Network Requirements for AMN
Related concept: Types of data
– Various data-time combinations
– Device need not send all data that it has logged. Utilities will require
additional data only from time to time for forecasting and/or analysis
• Data logged and its (large) size useful only for analysis. Outage, failure chain,
event timings etc
• Aperiodic, highly useful, bulk data transfer. Need to account this
– Do you want ACKS for all your messages
Emerging security standards require security level that adds to data
traffic on network
– Standards like ZigBee have message traffic which is more than 75%
security overhead
Network reuse
– Reuse network for DR or Direct Load Control ?
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 4
Approach to set up AMN
Clear objectives. Decide on what do you want to achieve with the AMN
– Set measurement metrics pre/post deployment
Use case driven analysis
– Identify/Research use cases
– Derive quantifiable technical requirements like network capacity, reliability
and coverage
– Account for future requirements
Objective evaluation of communication technologies
Phased rollout
– Business reasons
– You will never get it first time right. Live with it!
– Interoperability is a time consuming/iterative process even when
meticulously planned. Know it and account for it
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 5
Typical Smart Metering Use Cases
Multi-interval reading: Meter reading frequency configured by utility
– Each interval data consists of sub-units of finer time readings
– Downstream: Command approx 25 bytes
– Upstream: Periodic reports approx 2.5k bytes
On demand reading: Meter expected to send reading in < 5 sec on
command from utility
– Downstream: Command approx 25 bytes
– Upstream: Meter data approx 100 bytes
Firmware upgrade
– More during initial network setup and then 1 or 2 updates a year
– Downstream: Upgrade anywhere between 0.5K to 2M bytes
– Upstream: ACK and associated data upto 100 bytes
Data source: SG Network Requirement Specifications V5.1, Open SG
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 6
Requirements Based on Example Use Cases
Multi-interval reading
– Measurement Interval: approx 5 per day
– Message Latency: max 4hrs
– Reliability: min 98%
On-demand reading
– Measurement Interval: 25 per 1000 meters per day
– Message Latency: max 5 sec
– Reliability: min 98%
Real time pricing
– Measurement Interval: 60 per 1000 meters per day each for Real-time
pricing, Critical Peak Pricing and Time of Use
– Message Latency: max 5 sec
– Reliability: min 98%
Data source: SG Network Requirement Specifications V5.1, Open SG
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 7
Derived Network Requirements
Assuming urban device density of 2000 meters/km2 and rural device
density of 10 meters/km2
Example data capacity requirement for metering around 7.2 Mb/hr per
1000 meters
The network should support message latency of 3 seconds for smart
meter operations
Message delivery reliability as low as 98% should be supported
Security overheads and requirements extra
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 8
Power line communications (PLC)
Key drivers for PLC
–
–
–
–
Deployment costs comparable to wireless
High connectivity and extensive coverage
Scalability: Simply add another PLC transceiver
Reliability through redundant communication channel
Ultra-Narrow Band (UNB): 0.3-3 kHz
– Very low data rate (about 100 bps)
– Large operational range (150km or more)
– Mature technology but usually proprietary
Narrow-Band (NB): 3-500kHz
– Single carrier: Home and building automation (low data rate)
– OFDM based: NAN and Home automation. Data rates close to 1 Mbps
Broadband (BB): 1.8-250MHz
– Data rates of several Mbps
Source: S. Galli, A. Scaglione, and Z. Wang, “For the grid and through the grid: The role of power line
communications in the smart grid,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 998–1027, 2011
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 9
Worldwide NB-PLC Bands
EU: CENELEC [3-148.5 kHz] over LV in Europe
– A band: 3-95 kHz, reserved to power utilities.
– B band: 95-125 kHz, any application.
– C band: 125-140 kHz, in home networking systems
• Regulated. Mandatory CSMA/CA protocol
– D band: 140-148,5 kHz, alarm and security systems.
USA: FCC [10-490 kHz] for general supervision for an electric public
utility
Japan: ARIB [10-450 kHz]
China: CEPRI [3-500 kHz]
India: [?] ISGF has a role to play
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 10
Major Drivers for OFDM based NB-PLC
Optimized for Smart Grid and home automation
– Addresses both access (LV/MV lines) and in-home applications
More robust to channel impairments and noise
No antennas required
Communication possible in extremely hostile environment where other
access technologies may fail
– Metal shielded cases
– Underground installations
No requirement of GIS
Side steps the issue of health concerns that may be faced by wireless
technologies
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 11
PLC Performance w.r.t Use Cases
Data rates supported
– Tens to several 100 Kbps
Message delivery latency
– <1s
Coverage
– Order of kms
– Data rate dependent on distance
• Can be solved using relays/repeaters
Reliability
– Depends on the power line on which it is installed
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 12
Standardization of OFDM Based NB-PLC
Initial drive by industry alliances
– G3-PLC Aliances (ERDF, Maxim et. al)
– PRIME (Iberdrola et. al)
International Standardization bodies step in
– ITU-T G.hnem
– IEEE P1901.2
– Active participation by G3-PLC and PRIME Alliance
Coexistence between ITU-T and IEEE standards a key factor
– Efforts are on towards coexistence
– Details yet to be worked out
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 13
Data Rates of Various NB-PLC Standards
Parameter
Frequency
Range
Max
Data Rate
PRIME
G3-PLC
IEEE P1901.2
G.hnem
CEN A
(kHz)
42 - 89
35.9 - 90.6
35.9 - 90.6
35.9 - 90.6
FCC
(kHz)
X
159.4 - 478.1
35.9 - 478.5
35.9 - 478.1
CEN A
(kbps)
61.4/123
45
52.3
101.3
FCC
(kbps)
X
207.6
203.2/207.6
821.1
Source: Local Utility Powerline Communications in the 3-500 kHz Band: Channel Impairments, Noise, and
Standards. Marcel Nassar et. al, IEEE Sig. Proc. Magazine (to appear)
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 14
Need for multi-standard solution
Different standards operate under different assumptions on
channels
–
–
–
–
Different channel delay spread assumptions
Different assumptions on powerline noise
Different coding and modulation strategies
Different symbol/frame lengths
Utilities have their own requirements and constraints
–
–
–
–
–
Ground realities
Complexity
Cost
Features
Robustness
Different countries opting for different standards
– Multi-standard solution retains the benefit of scale
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 15
NXP focus on Smart Home and Energy
NXP is a global leader in high performance mixed signal
semiconductors with a very broad portfolio of product and solutions.
Smart Energy is one of the focus applications of NXP
NXP has a wide coverage of technologies used in smart grids and
home/building energy management
NXP is combining technologies from different business units to create
innovative solutions for the smart grid
By bringing various technologies to the same process node, NXP is
enabling an integration roadmap to improve performance and lower
system cost
NXP is a member of ITU-T , IEEE P1901.2, IEEE 802.15, G3 Alliance
and PRIME and ZigBee Alliance
NXP Bangalore is a major R&D center for its Smart Home and
Energy Product Line
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 16
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 17
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ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 19
NXP Smart Energy Capability
Billing Meters & Gateways
Communication
• ARM7/9, Cortex M0/M3/M4 MCU’s
• OFDM Multi-standard PLC
• Analog Front-End
• 802.15.4 (ZigBee, 6LowPAN, JenNet)
• RTC’s
• Wireless M-bus
• GreenChip SMPS solutions
• Display Drivers
• Standard IC’s
Non-Billing Metering
• Energy Metering IC’s
Smart Grid Security
• End-to-end security & authentication
• One Chip Wireless Zigbee Meter
• Embedded power monitoring for appliance
Payment
• Contact card readers
• Contactless card readers
• NFC Payment
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 20
NPC1100 (1/2)
Flexible solution for smart metering
– Multi-standard OFDM
•
•
•
•
PRIME
G3-PLC
ITU-T G.hnem
IEEE P1901.2
– Security/Crypto primitives for Secure Services
Embedded application processor available for customer programming.
– Cortex M3 at 128 MHz
– M3 can run both the PLC stack as well as application program
– External Flash for application program and firmware
IC will be delivered including PLC protocol stack
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 21
NPC1100 (2/2)
M
U
X
External
SDRAM
interface
GPIO
Ethernet
MAC
M
U
X
ARM©
Cortex M3
128 MHZ
Internal
SDRAM
192 KB
Boot
ROM
8 KB
UART
UART
Flexible OFDM engine
UART
UART
I2C
RTC
DMA
GPIO
Clock
control
Power
control
PLC PWM
Output
Watchdog
Timer
– Data rates up to 1 Mbps
– Regulation compliant: CENELEC/FCC
– Freely configurable bandplans
M
U
X
I2C
I2C
I2C
SPI
SPI
PLC ADC
OFDM Engine
SPI
On-chip Analog Front End
SPI Fast
PLC DAC
Power Factor/
Ballast control
AES
– 123 dB input dynamic range
– 60-70 dB output dynamic range
OTP
Lighting Control
Key
Management
Measurement
ADC
Real Time Clock
PLC PWM
Output
Multiple standards via firmware
PLC ADC
OFDM Engine
PLC DAC
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 22
Functional Blocks of NPC1100
128 MHz Cortex M3
• ~50% for MAC layer
Interfacing
•UART, I2C
•External SDRAM
•GPIO
Designed for
power efficiency
Security
•AES
•Key management
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 23
Meter Application
L1L2 L3 N
Meter
Chip
EEPROM
LCD
Metrology
frontend
400V
NPC1100
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 24
Low-Cost SE1.x IPD Reference Design
Standard Plastics and LCD
Custom PCB design
Daughter board
for antenna and
switches
Shows
– Display kW, Cost, Time,
Temperature
– kWh and CO2
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 25
Load Control Device – Smart Plug
The Load Control and Demand Response device
supports following features:
-Remote device turn-off to protect the grid from
overload
- On/Off based on pricing information from the
utility
- Load Control Opt-In / Opt-Out support
- Energy consumption measurement
The Load Control Device uses the following Clusters to implement an Smart
Plug: Key Establishment
- Client & Server
DR / Load Control
- Client
Price
- Client
Time
- Client
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 26
ZigBee SE 1.x Load Control and Nonbilling Metering
ZigBee Smart Plug Application Note:
EM773 Metrology S/W and H/W integrated to JN5148
JN5148 Module replaced with JN5148 chip with 20dBm output
ZigBee
USB transceiver with LPC1343 and JN5148
SE1.x USB
Adapter
ZigBee SE1.x
Communication
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 27
Contact NXP
For more information, please feel free to contact
Janakiram Annam ([email protected])
Director of Engineering
Product Line Smart Home & Energy
Stefan De Troch ([email protected])
Director, International Product Marketing Manager Smart Energy
Product Line Smart Home & Energy
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 28
Questions?
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 29
Backup slides
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 30
Network Requirements for AMN
•
Network topologies and architecture
– What aligns best with grid topology and requirements? Star, Tree, Hybrid,
Mesh?
– Scalability
•
Network entry and provisioning. (Has security implications as well)
– Does device replacement lead to reconfiguration? Time required, effect on
AMN
•
Communication functionalities of device types.
– Meters/Leaf nodes, Routers, Concentrators, Aggregators
•
Data latencies revisited. Questions to ask
– What is the end-to-end data latency requirement from WAN to AMN?
– How asymmetric are data latencies for downstream/upstream traffic?
– Once you have data, then what? Act! Latency on these actions impacted
by traffic level on communications network.
• Need to give operators timely data and time for them to act on it. Analyze
who needs what, when, and how much time to act/decide
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 31
Security/Crypto unit
M
U
X
External
SDRAM
interface
GPIO
Ethernet
MAC
M
U
X
ARM©
Cortex M3
128 MHZ
Internal
SDRAM
192 KB
Boot
ROM
8 KB
UART
UART
UART
UART
I2C
RTC
DMA
GPIO
Clock
control
Power
control
PLC PWM
Output
Watchdog
Timer
M
U
X
I2C
I2C
I2C
SPI
SPI
PLC ADC
OFDM Engine
SPI Fast
PLC DAC
Power Factor/
Ballast control
Measurement
ADC
SPI
AES
OTP
Lighting Control
Key
Management
AES 128/192/256 bits encoding/decoding
Key management system
OTP: 256 bits
– MAC address
– Unique keys (availability TBD)
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 32
Software architecture NPC1100
Application Layer
Typical software
architecture
Communication stack
MAC Layer
PHY Layer
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 33
Software architecture NPC1100
Application Layer
Cortex M3 core:
library
MAC Layer
PHY Layer
Closed DSP core:
firmware
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 34
Software architecture NPC1100
Application Layer
Customer writes
software on ARM cortex
M3M3 core:
Cortex
using library
proven ARM development environment
MAC Layer
PHY Layer
Closed DSP core:
firmware
Library and firmware are paired per PLC standard
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 35
Software deliveries
SDK
– Microkernel: nuttX: 5.19
Delivered tools/libraries with reference kit:
–
–
–
–
Libraries for the PLC stack on the Arm Cortex M3
Firmware for download onto the NPC1100 hardware
Diagnostics application on top of the PLC stack
Example application to build a small PLC network in a lab
Other:
– Documentation about API
– Application notes, white paper, system guidelines
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 36
Reference kit
Dedicated application board with NPC1100
Functionality:
– Example application to setup communication in a small electricity network
– Single or three phase electricity connection
– Two kind of nodes:
• Network management node (limited functionality)
• Network leaf node (functionality with full PLC protocol)
– Communication to application board
• UART
• Ethernet
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 37
NXP’s Supported ZigBee Profiles Overview
ZigBee Smart Energy
– Devices are directly connected to a Smart Grid
– Networks are utility managed, but may be customer property
– Ideal suitable for Smart metering solutions, Data Concentrators & any metering measurements
ZigBee Home Automation
– Broad range of devices for consumer homes defined
– Commissioning a bit complex for non-technical consumers
– Ideal for Smart Homes controlling door locks, Security, HVAC, etc..
ZigBee Light Link
– Profile defined to support lighting only – ease of use and installation has been the focus
– It is not designed for professional installation throughout a building
– Ideal for residential & industrial wireless lighting infrastructure solutions
ZigBee RF4CE
– RF for Consumer Electronics
– Small stack size and focussed on AV industry – it is all about low cost
– Ideal for Setup-Box, RF based Universal remote controls & Virtual Remotes through iOS /
Andriod apps
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 38
NXP’s ZigBee Solutions
Split ARM + Transceiver
Description
Pros
Cons
• Stack supplied as libraries for
customer to link with
• Cost effective flash and RAM
• Enough RAM to run coordinator with
multiple open TLS connections
• Lots of application space for customer
app.
• ARM tool chain for development and
debugging facilities
• Range of OSs and tools supported
• RAM/Flash extendable
Re-use
existing ARM code
•
• Two chip solution, so higher
BOM cost
• Profiles a mixture of source and
libraries
• Transceiver runs MAC only
Split Arm + 256kB Flash/32kBRAM • Arm processor running customer app. • Self contained binary means customer • Difficult o run a full function
CPU+Transceiver
doesn't need to compile / port code to
coordinator in this way
• NXP chip running stack
their hardware.
(ESI-Meter)
• Customers can get started easily and
with minimum support whatever their
hardware platform.
System On Chip
• Single chip solution with customer app
running on our processor
• Lowest cost
• Only suitable for the smallest
applications as most flash /ram
consumed by stack and profiles
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 39
Home Energy Application Note JN-AN-1135
Smart Energy Profile In Premise display application note. The Evaluation kit
sensor board is the SE Metering Device, and the Controller Board is the IPD
The Application note uses the
following Clusters to implement
the Home Energy Monitor
Key Establishment
Simple Metering
Price
Time
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 40
Energy Monitoring Screen
Time Cluster to
synchronise time with meter
Battery Level Indicator
using JN5148 on-chip
battery monitor
Instant energy
consumption
and current tariff
Configuration Info
Consumption History
Power bar shows instant
energy consumption
Signal Strength
Indication
Mode button allows user to toggle
Between KwH, Price and CO2
Pricing Information
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 41
Price & History Screens
Price Screen
Price is unit price in the selected
currency (Set Up Menu)
Start Time and Duration
H, M and L is the Pricing Tier High
Medium and Low
History Screen
Displays daily historical data
Details energy consumed per pricing
tier
ISGF Technology Session, June 1st 2012 42