Transcript Students acceptance of Tablet Personal Computers

Students acceptance of
Tablet Personal Computers
Mark Moran, Asst Professor
College of BIS
Research in progress
 This is research that will be reported
on in my dissertation for a Ph. D. in
e-commerce.
 Capella University, Organization
Management core program.
 www.capella.edu
Research Interest
 Ubiquitous computing on college
campuses.
 Tablet teaching technology
 Security
Notebook Universities

Brown, Ray, (2000), Retrieve from
http://itc.vcsu.edu/notebookinitiative/vp.htm?p=492
Tablet Universities
 Mayville State University
 900 Gateway tablets
 Winona State University
 Replace notebooks with Gateway tablets
in Fall 2004, 8000 students…
 Florida A&M Law School
 Virginia Tech college of engineering
 1250 students
More tablet initiatives
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MIT
Purdue
Temple University School of medicine
Seton Hall University
University of Washington
Northwester University, Illinois
Bentley College
Continued
 University of Ontario Institute of
Technology
 University of Texas at Austin
 Brown University
 Awarded the Microsoft® $1.2 Million to
establish a Center for Pen-Centric
Computing
 Cornell, Notre Dame, University of
North Florida & others
 Articles about Tablet PC Use in Education:
 National Institute for Technology and Liberal Education
– Tablet PCs in Education
http://www.nitle.org/rsrc_issues_tabletpc.php
 Syllabus Magazine – Tablet PCs: The killer app for
higher education
http://www.syllabus.com/article.asp?id=6246
 University Business – Is the tablet pc the future of
college computing?
http://www.universitybusiness.com/page.cfm?id=289
 Motion Computing - Tablet PCs for Campus Mobility
http://www.campus-technology.com/motion/index.asp
Notebook Universities
Research Question
 There is a lot of information about
mobile PCs and tablet PCs in colleges
but no research about if the users
accept the technology.
 The question – “Do university
students accept the table PC?”
Technology Acceptance Research
 Theory of Reasoned Action – 1975
 Technology Acceptance Model – 1989
 Fred Davis’s dissertation Paper
 Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use
of technology (UTAUT) 2003
 Verkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis*
Technology Acceptance Model
Perceived
Usefulness
Computer Experience
Job Title
Reported
Gender
System Usage
Age
Perceived
Ease of Use
Davis, F. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and user acceptance of
information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340.
Davis, F., Bagozzi, R., & Warshaw, P. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A
comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982-1003.
UTAUT Research Model
Acceptance Determinants*
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Performance Expectancy: the degree to which an
individual believes that using the system will help him/her to
attain gains in job performance. (Perceived usefulness)
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Effort Expectancy: the degree of ease associated with the
use of the system. (Perceived ease of use)
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Social Influence: the degree to which an individual
perceives that important others believe he or she should use
the new system.

Facilitating Condition: the degree to which an individual
believes that an organizational and technical infrastructure
exists to support use of the system.
*Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)
Venkatesh, Viswanath, Morris, Michael G.Davis, Gordon B.
Davis, Fred, MIS Quarterly, 2003
Acceptance Model Components
Moderating Variables
• Gender
• Age
•General computer
expertise
• Voluntariness
Determinents
• Performance
expectancy (usefulness)
• Effort Expectancy
(ease of use)
• Social Influence
• Facilitating Conditions
Use
Usage
Behavior
Decisions
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Who to survey.
What questions to ask.
When to conduct the survey.
How to conduct the survey.
How to analyze the survey data.
Where to publish the research results.
 The research team decided to survey
freshman students enter DSU during
the current academic year.
 Why this population?
 How large is this population?
Survey Questions
 Since this is for a doctoral
dissertation it was decided to ask
plenty of question to determine the
model parameters.
 Questions from the older TAM model
were included to provide
completeness.
 Useage questions measured students use
of Tablet PCs.
Participant Demographics
 Gender
 College major
 Male:143
 Arts & Sciences 61
 Female:120
 Business& Info Sys
 Class placement
122
 Freshman:128
 Education 63
 Sophomore:68
 Other 17
 Junior:49
 Senior:18
 First use of
computers
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Elementary 95
Middle 97
High 37
College 33
Don’t Use 1
 Tablet PC period
of use
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1 month
1
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2 Months 11
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3 Months 33
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6 Months 100
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9 Months 36
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12 Months 8
 >12 Months 74
The Device
Gateway M275
14.1”, DVD
1.8 GHz Pentium-M
Today’s Market: New Slates
Motion
Computing
Sahara i213
12.1”, 1.6GHz
Centrino
LE
1600
NEC
VersaPro, 10.4”,
1.1 GHz
Fujitsu 5000
Tatung TTAB
10.4”, 1 GHz
ULV
LS
800
10.4/12.1,
Indoor/Outdoor
1.1 GHz ULV
Tatung B12D
12.1” 1.2 GHz
Centrino
Today’s Market: New
Convertibles
Acer
Toshiba
M200, 12.1”
SXGA+
C1xx
C300
Gateway
M275
2 GHz
Pentium-M
14.1”, DVD
Fujitsu
1.8 GHz
Pentium-M
Averatec
C3500
AMD 2200+
12.1”, DVD
Electrovaya
1.4 GHz Centrino
T4000
12.1”, Biometrics
C250
Scribbler SC-2200
SHARP
ViewSonic
12.1”, 1 GHz
Actius TN10W
12.1”, 1.1 GHz
IBM
ThinkPad
x41
HP
tc4200
Today’s Market: New Hybrids & Ruggeds
Ruggedized
Hybrid
Itronix
HP Compaq TC1100ULV
8.4”, 933 MHz ULV
Walkabout
Hammerhead
Celeron or Pentium
10.4”, 1.1 GHz
10.4”, 4.5 lbs
933 MHz P-III M
Xplore iX104
10.4” 1.1 GHz ULV
Concept Design: New hinge
Today’s Market: Forecasts
 Mobile Market Projections (IDC)
Ultra-Mobile
0 to 1 spindle, 5-8” screen, < 2 lbs.
Ultra-Portable
1 or 2 spindle,10-12” screen, 2-4 lbs.
Thin & Light
2 spindle, 14-15” screen, 4-7 lbs.
Transportable
2 & 3 spindle, 14-17” screen, 7-12 lbs.
2004
2006
2008
Market share
Market share
Market share
1%
3%
17%
31%
63%
63%
56%
Information Workers,
30%
Consumers
CY08 Market: 8.9M, CAGR (04-08): -11%
19%
10%
Consumers,
Mobile Professionals
CY08 Market: 2.5M, CAGR (04-08): 40%
0%
Mobile Professionals,
8%
Information Workers
CY08 Market: 28.4M, CAGR (04-08): 51.4%,
Information Workers,
Consumers
CY08 Market: 51M, CAGR (04-08): 22%
The Analysis of Data
 Individual model variables are tested
to measure their reliabiltiy by using
Cronbach alpha.
 Cronbach alpha is commonly used in
technology acceptance research to
determine the index of reliability for a
set of questions used to indirectly
measure a model construct.
 Alpha coefficients range from 0 to 1
 The higher the score, the more reliable
the generated data is. Current literature
indicates that 0.7 is an acceptable
coefficient.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal
structure of tests. Psychometrika. 16, 297-334.
Nunnaly, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hypotheses
 University students accept the Tablet PC.
 The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of
Technology (UTAUT) does predict the successful
acceptance of the Tablet PC
 The constructs of the UTAUT will demonstrate an effect
on user acceptance of the tablet PC.
 Computer self efficacy and anxiety does have an impact
students acceptance of the Tablet PC.
 Students use of the Tablet PC does not impact student’s
acceptance of the device.
Survey Tool
Likert scale
 The survey used a likert scale to determine
the participants agreement with statements
that, generally, indirectly measure the
UTAUT variables.
 1 = strong disagreement to
 7 = strong agreement
 Some questions are reversed to check if the
participants are reading the statements.
University students accept the
Tablet PC.
 Preliminary results
 PE statements are strongly in agreement
 4.1 to 5.9, average is 5.06
 EE statements are stronger in agreement
 5.1 to 6.0, average is 5.8
 SI statements are strongly in agreement
 4.8 to 6.2, average is 5.2
 FC statements are strongly in agreement
 4.9 to 6.0, average is 5.7
UTAUT does predict the successful
acceptance of the Tablet PC
 Preliminary results
 The preliminary results appear to
support student acceptance of TPC.
 Data will be analyzed with a partial
least squares program commonly
used in technology acceptance
studies.
UTAUT constructs will demonstrate
user acceptance of the tablet PC.
 Preliminary results support this
conclusion.
Computer self efficacy and anxiety
have an impact on students
acceptance of the Tablet PC
 Preliminary results
 Self efficacy results a strongly in
agreement on TPC use
 5.0 to 5.5
 Anxiety does not appear to be a
factor on this campus
 Results do not show an effect!
 2.4 to 3.5 which means mildly dissagree
to neither.
Usage
Students use of the Tablet PC does
not impact student’s acceptance of
the device
 Preliminary results
 I use my tablet in slate mode – mildly
agree at 4.96
 I use my stylus for navigation - mildly
agree at 4.92
 I use my TPC as a notebook –mild
agreement at 5.31
 I use windows journal with my TPC mild agreement at 5.12
Next things to do
 Analyze the data using PLS Graph
provided by Wynn Chin, University of
Houston.
 Defend dissertation in the next couple
of months!
 Modify survey tool to survey faculty
at the universities with TPC
programs.
Acknowledgments
 I would like to thank the following persons
and groups.
Mark Hawkes
Omar El-Gayar
DSU & the faculty research initiative
Tom Farrell & Wayne Pauli for their support and
encouragement.
 Faculty & students for survey assistance.
 My Mom & Dad, wife
 Capella University, and on, and on, and on…
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