Transcript Folie 1

Center for International Peace Operations
The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)
Decision-Making, Planning and Organization of CSDP Field Missions
- Updated Interactive Guide ZIF Update
- Berlin,2010
April 2010
With the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon on 1 December 2009, the European Security and
Defence Policy has been renamed and a number of institutional changes have been enacted.
Click here for an overview
Furthermore, a structural reconfiguration in the Council Secretariat is underway with a view to
strengthening the EU’s crisis response capacity by integrating civilian and military planning in a
single directorate. Click here for an overview
Finally, the Interactive Mission Map at the end of this guide has again been updated.
All photographs in this presentation by courtesy of the Council of the European Union or the Audiovisual Service of the European Commission
How to use this presentation?
This presentation covers the decision-making and planning process from the first
formal discussions on potential action until the launch of a CSDP mission. The process
is divided into three major phases:
Phase 1 - Development of a Crisis Management Concept
Phase 2 - Development of Strategic Options
Phase 3 - Concrete Operational Planning
The process as presented is a model for CSDP operations with military, police and
civilian components. Should any of these components not be present in an operation
or should the member states be in general agreement about a mission early on, certain
steps in the planning process may be left out, contracted, or inverted. Hence, the
presentation gives a simplified view of CSDP structures, also leaving out less important
steps or ongoing interaction, e.g. with the European Commission (EC). However,
certain key Council decisions on Crisis Management Concept, Joint Action, Operation
Plan, and on the launch of the operation are indispensable – they form the basis of the
three phases mentioned above.
By mouse-clicking the process evolves gradually, providing information on every step
of the decision-making process. For more information on the different institutions
and bodies within CSDP, please click on them directly at any time during the
presentation. If your computer is connected to the internet, you can also use the
hyperlinks integrated in the information texts, leading to EU websites, treaties or
Council decisions.
Audiovisual Service, European Commission
Please note that the on-screen presentation of bodies involved in the process does not
reflect any hierarchical order between these bodies. There is, however, a functional
distinction between policy-making bodies and advisory bodies .
All institutions dealt with are located in EU‘s former “Second Pillar“, the Common
Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), where decisions regarding the Common Security
and Defence Policy continue to be taken exclusively at intergovernmental level. The
European Commission’s crisis response tools are not covered. Moreover, under the
provisions of the Lisbon Treaty the Commission has lost its previous consultative
association with the CSDP planning process; it is now solely represented through the
‘double-hatted’ High Representative/Vice President.
©ZIF, Berlin.
click here to jump to
Interactive Mission Map at
the end of the presentation
Bastian Richter, ZIF
All photographs in this presentation by courtesy of the Council of the European Union or the Audiovisual Service of the European Commission
Click to continue…
Decision-making bodies in CFSP/CSDP (former ‘2nd Pillar’)
European Council
(Summit of the Heads of State and Government)
sets policy guidelines
Foreign Affairs Council
Click on any of
the boxes here or
during the
presentation to
get further
information...
Committee of the Permanent Representatives (COREPER)
chairs
policy-making body
advisory body
Political and Security Committee (PSC)
High Representative
Head of the European External Action Service
Council General Secretariat
Policy Planning &
Early Warning Unit
Joint Situation Centre
(SITCEN)
EU Military Staff
(EUMS)
Civ. Planning & Conduct
Capability (CPCC)
advises
Committee for Civilian
Aspects of Crisis
Management (CIVCOM)
advises
EU Military Committee
(EUMC)
Click to continue…
Start of the Mission Planning Process…
Identification of a
crisis - close
High Representative (HR)
interaction between
the HR, her advisory
Member state delegates in the PSC
bodies in the Council
conclude that EU action is
Secretariat and,
appropriate and assign HR and the
possibly, with
Secretariat to work out a Crisis member states
Secretariat (supported by the CPCC and/or the
Management Concept (CMC)
Other
relevant
EUMS) develops
& presents
a draft Crisis
Policy Unit
SITCEN
units
Management Secretariat
Concept (CMC)
based on the
conclusions of a Fact Finding Mission
Political and Security Committee (PSC)
PSC discusses the draft CMC and
requests advice on civilian and
military aspects
CIVCOM
Phase 1
Development
of a Crisis
Management
Concept (CMC)
EU Military Committee
PSC agrees on CMC and presents it to COREPER/Council,
pointing out specifics and different options
COREPER
discusses the
CMC. Decisions
in COREPER are
Affairs Council
almost always
confirmed by
Council.
Council approves Crisis Managementthe
Concept
COREPER
Foreign
Legend
policy-making body
advisory body
overview of CSDP bodies
The Council assigns PSC to develop strategic options
on the basis of the CMC.
Political and Security Committee (PSC)
PSC requests CIVCOM to
develop Police Strategic
Options (PSO) & other
Civilian Strategic Options
CPCC
(CSO)
CIVCOM
CIVCOM cooperates with the
forwards
PSO‘s &
CPCC CIVCOM
to develop
and prioritise
MSO‘s to PSC
PSOs and
& CSOs
PSC requests EUMC to develop
Military Strategic Options (MSO)
EU Military
Staff
PSC evaluates all strategic
options, taking into account the
Commission‘s view.
Committee
Then PSC forwards EU
its Military
draft
decision on MSO, PSO and CSO
to COREPER/ Council.
The Council formally
COREPER
Foreign Affairs Council
Phase 2
Development
of Strategic
Options
decidesMSOs,
on a Joint
EUMS prioritises
EUMC forwards
Action capabilities
which
MSOs toreviews
PSC military
theEUMC
mandate,
and givescodifies
advice to
its objectives,
financial
arrangements etc.
This decision also entails whether the military component
of the mission will use NATO assets (Berlin Plus) or rely
exclusively on EU command structures and capabilities.
The chain of command as well as the modalities for the
setup of a military OHQ depend on this decision. (see
information box on military command options)
Legend
policy-making body
advisory body
overview of CSDP bodies
The Council tasks PSC to initiate operational planning
Political and Security Committee (PSC)
PSC provides the political/
PSC requests
strategic guidance needed by
operational planning
EUMC to work out an Initiating
PSC approves the
on a range of police
Directive (IMD) which
EUMC presents theMilitary
Initiating
Military
and civilian measures
gives
basic
instructions
to the
draft
IMD
(worked
Note:
Directive (IMD)
out by the EUMS)appointed Operation Commander
(OpCdr)
CPCC
Occasionally the formulation of a police/civilian
CIVCOM presents the police
EUMC presents the military
CONOPS has been initiated
oron
even
completed
PSC
agrees
police,
civilian,
EU Military
Committee
and civilian CONOPS and
CONOPS
and provides
advice
before
the
Council
has
formally
agreed
on
a
and
military
CONOPS
and
CPCC
develops
draft
provides advice and
and recommendations,
submits
them
to
the
Council
police
&
civilian
this Operation
recommendations Joint Action (Phase 2). The results ofcomprising
an evaluation
of
Commander
CONOPS operational planning then form the basis
thehis military
EUMSof and
mandate integrated in the Joint Action.
headquarters (OHQ)
develop a draft military
CIVCOM
CONOPS
COREPER
Phase 3
Concrete
Operational
Planning
a) CONOPS –
Concept of
Operations
OpCdr
Foreign Affairs Council
Civilian Planning
Stage
Military Planning
Stage
Council approves the CONOPS
Legend
policy-making body
advisory body
overview of CSDP bodies
The Council tasks PSC to develop the final
Operation Plan
Political and Security Committee (PSC)
Upon request of the PSC the police
and/or civilian Head of Mission
supported by the CPCC work out a
Note:
draft OPLAN. Furthermore the
PSC agrees
process of force generation
is on a police/civilian
and
a military
and submits
As the legal basis
for an operation,
the
EU andOPLAN
the host
nation usually sign
initiated.
Upon
request
of
the
PSC
the
Operation
them
tofor
the
Council
CIVCOM
presents
the police
EUMC
presentsand/or
the military
a “Status
of Forces
Agreement” (SOFA)
the
military
component
a
OpCdr
presents
draft
Commander
supported
by
EUMS
works
out
and
civilian
OPLAN
Pol
HoM ofOPLAN
Civ
HoM Agreement” (SOMA)
OpCdr
“Status
Mission
for OPLAN
the
civilian
component,
both
military
to EUMC
a draft
military
OPLAN
including
Rules
of
Pol
HoM/Civ
HoM
usually preceded by a “Letter
ofdraft
Intent”.
Engagement.
Furthermore the process of
present
police
However, in most cases the
SOFA/SOMA
only after the operation
force
generation
initiated.
and
civilian
OPLANisissigned
to CIVCOM
has started, or even towards
its end.
COREPER
CPCC
Foreign Affairs Council
CIVCOM
Phase 3
Concrete
Operational
Planning
b) OPLAN –
Operation Plan
EU Military
Council
agrees on
Staff
final OPLANs
EU Military Committee
Launch of Operation
Civilian Planning
AStage
“Committee of Contributors” usually supervises and supports
the mission‘s military and/or civilian component
Military Planning
Stage
Legend
policy-making body
advisory body
overview of CSDP bodies
click here to jump
back to first slide
Past and Current ESDP/CSDP Operations (04/10)
Click here to fade in/out details
By clicking on a mission tag you get to
the mission’s website…
click here to finish
ONGOING MISSIONS
EUMM
ICO/EUSR: International Civilian
Office/European Special
Representative in Kosovo
(since 02/08)
EULEX EUPOL RD Congo: EU Police
Mission in DRC (since 4/05 –
ICO/EUSR
previously EUPOL RD Kinshasa)
EU SSR Guinea-Bissau: EU
Mission is Support of Security
Sector Reform in Guinea-Bissao
(since 06/08)
EUFOR – ALTHEA: EU Military
Operation in Bosnia and
Herzegovina (since 12/04)
EUPT Kosovo
EUPAT EUJUST LEX: EU Integrated Rule of
Law Mission for Iraq (since 7/05,
EUPOL PROXIMA
implemented mostly in Europe)
CONCORDIA
EUJUST THEMIS
EUJUST THEMIS: EU Rule of Law
Mission to Georgia (7/04 –
7/05)
EUJUST LEX
AMM: Aceh Monitoring Mission
(8/05
– 12/06)
EUPOL
Afghanistan
EUMM Georgia: EU Monitoring
Mission to Georgia (since 09/08)
EU NAVFOR Somalia/Operation
Atalanta: EU Naval Force off the
Somali Coast (since 12/08)
EUSEC DR Congo: EU mission to
provide advice and assistance for
EUPOL COPPS
security sector reform in the DRC
(since 7/05)
EU BAM Rafah
EUFOR RD Congo: EU Military
EU supp.into
AMIS
II
Operation
the
DRC (6/06
–
11/06)
EUMM
EUTM Somalia: EU Training
Mission (since 02/2010, carried
out in Uganda)
EU BAM Rafah: EU Border
Assistance Mission at Rafah
EU SSR Guinea-Bissau
Crossing Point in the Palestinian
Territories (since 11/05)
EU NAVFOR
EUTM Somalia
EUFOR Tchad/RCA
EU BAM Moldova: Border
RD
Congo Mission at
EU EUPOL
BAM
Assistance
Moldovan/Ukrainian
border (since
EUSEC RD Congo
12/05)
EUPOL PROXIMA: EU Police
Mission in Former Yugoslav
EU BAMofMoldova
Republic
Macedonia (12/03 –
12/05)
EULEX Kosovo: EU Rule of Law
Mission in Kosovo (since 02/08)
EUPM: European Union Police
EUPM Mission in Bosnia and Herze(since 1/03)
EUFOR –govina
ALTHEA
COMPLETED MISSIONS
EUPOL COPPS: EU Police Mission in
the Palestinian Territories (since
1/06)
CONCORDIA: EU Military
Operation in Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia (3/03 –
12/03)
EUPOL Afghanistan: EU Police
Mission in Afghanistan (since
6/07)
ARTEMIS: EU Military Operation
in Democratic Republic of the
Congo (6/03 – 9/03)
EUFOR RD Congo
ONGOING MISSIONS
COMPLETED MISSIONS
AMM EU Monitoring Mission
EUMM:
(Western Balkans; 01/200112/2007)
EU supporting action to the
African Union mission in Darfur
AMIS II (8/05-12/07)
EUPAT: EU Police Advisory Team
in the Former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia (12/05 – 06/06)
ARTEMIS
EUPT
Kosovo: EU Planning Team
in Kosovo (4/07- 06/08)
EUFOR Tchad/RCA: EU Force in
Eastern Tchad & North Eastern
CAR (10/07-03/09)
Ludwigkirchplatz 3-4
10719 Berlin
Germany
Phone ++49 (0)30 – 520 05 65 – 0
Fax ++49 (0)30 – 520 05 65 – 90
www.zif-berlin.org
[email protected]
Information
High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
Catherine Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland
Key Facts:
• Appointed by the European Council for a five year term starting 1 December 2009.
• The new HR is Vice-President of the European Commission and combines the former
posts of High Representative for CFSP and External Relations (RELEX) Commissioner.
• The HR chairs the Council of Foreign Affairs and has the right of initiative in foreign policy, Commission Profile
Council Profile
security and defence, either on her own or conjointly with the Commission.
• Head of the new European External Action Service (EEAS).
Main Tasks:
• With regard to CFSP/CSDP, the High Representative’s core responsibility is to oversee the implementation
of decisions taken by the Council of the European Union and the European Council (Art. 43.2 TEU).
• Further tasks and functions: International representation of the EU, appointment of EU Special
Representatives, Secretary-General of the Western European Union (due to cease its activities in 2011),
Head of the European Defence Agency, chair of the board of the European Union Institute for Security
Studies.
Information: Javier Solana, High Representative from 1999 – 2009
The post of High Representative for CFSP was first created and added to that of Secretary-General of the Council in the
Amsterdam Treaty; the former NATO-SG Javier Solana was appointed the first SG/HR in 1999. Solana played an important
role in the establishment of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), amongst others by promoting the integration
of structures and resources of the Western European Union (WEU). Nevertheless, the High Representative was and remains
dependent on the consensus of the member states in the Council. In June 2003 the European Council of Thessaloniki
tasked the SG/HR to develop a European Security Strategy (ESS), which was adopted by the Brussels European Council in
December 2003.
Click to return…
Information
Policy Planning and Early Warning Unit (Policy Unit)
Key Facts:
• Set up on account of declaration No. 6 annexed to the 1997 Amsterdam Treaty, naming the following tasks:
– “Monitoring and analysing developments in areas relevant to the CFSP”
– “Providing assessments of the Union's foreign and security policy interests and identifying areas where
the CFSP could focus in future”
– “Providing timely assessments and early warning of events or situations which may have significant
repercussions for the Union's foreign and security policy, including potential political crises”
– “Producing, at the request of either the Council or the Presidency or on its own initiative, argued
policy options papers to be presented under the responsibility of the Presidency as a contribution to
policy formulation in the Council, and which may contain analyses, recommendations and strategies
for the CFSP”
• Divided into geographical task forces
• Officially located at the Council General Secretariat (DG-E), with about 40 staff drawn from the member
states, the Secretariat and the Commission, but reports directly to the High Representative
• Access to the political reporting from Commission delegations and information provided by ECHO
(Humanitarian Aid Department of the European Commission)
Click to return…
Information
Joint Situation Centre (SITCEN)
Key Facts:
• Set up on 1 January 2003 by the Policy Unit to coincide with the start of the European Union Police
Mission (EUPM) in Bosnia
• Located in the Council General Secretariat to provide a 24/7 intelligence, analysis and early-warning
capability and to act as a communications hub for the High Representative and the EU Special
Representatives
• SITCEN was established to bring together the expertise of civilian and military staff from the Policy Unit
and the military Situation Centre
• Its main task is to monitor developments in crisis regions and to provide risk assessments for the High
Representative, the PSC and the EUMC.
• SITCEN is also intended to improve the cooperation on the field of intelligence cooperation between
member states. For that purpose and for setting up a secure communications network, SITCEN also includes
intelligence officers.
• SITCEN comprises about 100 staff from the Council Secretariat and seconded from member states.
Click to return…
Information
Council General Secretariat
Key Facts
• With the launch of ESDP in 1999, the CFSP-unit inside Council General Secretariat was enlarged to Directorate-General E
(DG-E), dealing with External Relations (one of eight DGs altogether)
• Among other 2nd Pillar bodies, DG-E deals with planning and concrete execution of CFSP actions and CSDP missions.
Current restructuring of the Council Secretariat
• Following recommendations made by Javier Solana to increase the efficiency of the EU’s crisis response, in December 2008
the European Council agreed to endorse the establishment of “a new, single civilian-military strategic planning structure”
within DG-E (Presidency Conclusions, Annex II).
• The new Crisis Management and Planning Directorate (CMPD) integrates the former Directorates VIII (Defence Aspects)
and IX (Civilian Crisis Management) as well as the former Civilian and Military Planning Cell (CivMilCell); it is likely to play
an important role in the new European External Action Service.
• The CMPD is subdivided into five units:
– (I) Civilian Capabilities, (II) Horizontal and Institutional Issues, (III) Integrated Strategic Planning, (IV)
Partnerships, Military Capabilities, (V) Exercises, Training, Lessons, Concepts and Civilian Capabilities.
• Moreover, DG-E comprises a number of functional and geographical Directorates and Units relevant to CSDP, such as:
– Development & ACP, Multilateral Economic Affairs and non-EU Western Europe; Americas, United Nations, Counter-Terrorism; Western
Balkans, Eastern Europe and Central Asia; Non-Proliferation; Peace and Security in Africa.
• Note: Both the EUMS and the CPCC are tasked with operational planning; the CPCC, moreover, is in charge of conduct,
coordination and mission support. The Crisis Management and Planning Directorate deals with horizontal issues (concepts,
capabilities, training, etc.) of CSDP and will also remain in charge of strategic planning, incl. the preparation of the Crisis
Management Concept (CMC).
Click to return…
Information
Political and Security Committee (PSC)
The central policy-making body of the CSDP
Key Facts:
• Set up as a permanent committee of high officials/ambassadors by
the Helsinki European Council in December 1999 and approved by the
Nice European Council a year later
• Legal basis: Article 38, Consolidated Treaty on European Union (post-Lisbon), defining the
following tasks:
– “monitor the international situation in the areas covered by the CFSP and contribute to the definition
of policies by delivering opinions to the Council at the request of the Council or of the High
Representative [...] or on its own initiative“
– “exercise, under the responsibility of the Council, political control and strategic direction of crisis
management operations.“
– “for the duration of a crisis management operation, as determined by the Council, to take the relevant
decisions concerning the political control and strategic direction of the operation“
• PSC meets at least twice weekly in ambassadorial formation in Brussels and less frequently as a board of the
political directors
• Supplemented by one delegate of the Commission
• The PSC develops resolutions regarding the CFSP/CSDP, but does not finally decide
• PSC members are in close contact with their foreign ministries and represent their governments’ position in
the PSC
• The PSC is chaired by a representative of the High Representative; in case of a crisis the High
Representative can personally take the chair
see Council decisions to establish PSC, EUMC and EUMS
Click to return…
Information
Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management (CIVCOM)
Key Facts:
• CIVCOM was set up by Council decision May in 2000 as a standing advisory body; it provides advice and
expertise to the PSC on various aspects of civilian crisis management
• It consists of member state representatives plus one delegate of the Commission with consultative status
• As codified in the guidelines for the work of CIVCOM (annex of the document of adoption), its tasks are
– to assist the PSC and other council bodies by “acquiring a comprehensive view of the means available
to the EU and to Member States to respond to a crisis“
– to improve EU´s crisis management capability, e.g. by developing and implementing lessons learned/
common standards and best-practice, helping to ensure a higher degree of coherence in EU-strategies,
helping to improve co-ordination of resources and exchange of information in the EU etc.
• Furthermore, CIVCOM oversees the accomplishment of the civilian headline goals (currently the “Civilian
Headline Goal 2010“), set by the Council
• The Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC) provides essential planning assistance and support to
CIVCOM, which also closely co-operates with DG-E of the Council General Secretariat
Click to return…
Information
European Union Military Committee (EUMC)
Key Facts EUMC:
• EUMC is the highest military forum within the EU and consists
of the member states’ chiefs of defence who meet at least
twice a year
• The national chiefs of defence are regularly represented by their
permanent military representatives in Brussels who meet at least weekly
Website of the EUMC
• EUMC was set up 2001 by Council decision; its main task is to advise the PSC on military crisis management
and to exercise military direction of all military activities within the EU framework
• The EUMC chairman participates in meetings of the Council when defence matters are discussed, and acts as
military advisor for the High Representative
• The EUMC is supported by the European Union Military Staff (EUMS)
see Council decisions to establish PSC, EUMC and EUMS
Click to return…
Information
European Union Military Staff (EUMS)
Key Facts EUMS:
• EUMS is the supporting body for the EUMC and provides in-house military expertise for the High
Representative. It has about 200 military personnel.
• Assigned to conduct early warning, situation assessment, and strategic planning and to develop Military
Strategic Options; it participates in policy formulation and assesses and reviews the development of military
capabilities
• The EUMS is a directorate-general of the Council General Secretariat; its staff participates in the Joint
Situation Centre (SITCEN)
• EUMS has five directorates: Concepts and Capabilities, Intelligence, Operations, Logistics, and
Communications and Information Systems
Information: 3 options for military command & control
For larger operations with recourse on NATO assets and capabilities under the ‘Berlin Plus’ agreement (such as ALTHEA in
Bosnia) NATO’s command structure in Mons (Belgium) is being used. To command autonomous EU-led military operations
(such as ARTEMIS in the DRC), national HQs are ‘multinationalised’ – currently, France, Germany, Greece, Italy and the
United Kingdom have made their national military headquarters available for EU operations.
Moreover, in 2004 the former Civ-Mil Cell within EUMS was tasked to set up a Brussels-based EU Operations Centre. Since 1
January 2007 it is ready for activation; it is permanently staffed with a nucleus of eight officers and can be reinforced
with a total of about 90 staff from the EUMS and the Secretariat and with seconded officials from the member states. With
the OpsCentre, the EU has thus gained a third option for commanding battlegroup-sized operations (up to 2,000 soldiers).
The EU Military Staff as such has no command function, as opposed to the CPCC which commands civilian missions.
Website of the EUMS
Click to return…
see Council decisions to establish PSC, EUMC and EUMS
Information
Committee of the Permanent Representatives (COREPER)
Comité des Représentants Permanents
Key Facts:
• COREPER is the preparatory body for the ministerial Council meetings and consists of the member states‘
highest ranked ambassadors (heads of mission). COREPER covers the full scope of EU policies. It is chaired
by a representative of the member state which holds the presidency in the General Affairs Council.
• COREPER was set up in 1958. Its current legal basis is Article 16 of the consolidated TEU.
• COREPER meets in two formations:
– COREPER I: Deputy Permanent Representatives, e.g. dealing with mainly technical matters, mostly
meeting twice a week (on Wednesday, additionally on Friday).
– COREPER II: Permanent Representatives, dealing with political, commercial, economic or institutional
matters (among them CFSP / CSDP), meeting at least once a week (on Thursday).
• COREPER coordinates and oversees the work of some 250 committees and working groups which prepare the
political issues of the Council’s agenda.
• Less important topics are mostly decided on by COREPER without being issued again in the Council. Due to
the fact that members of COREPER are in constant and close contact with their home governments,
COREPER‘s decisions in terms of CFSP and CSDP are usually simply confirmed by the Council.
Click to return…
Information
Council of the European Union – Foreign Affairs Council
Highest decision-making body for CFSP and CSDP
Key Facts:
• The Council of the European Union is the highest decision-making body within
the EU’s intergovernmental Second Pillar.
• The Foreign Affairs Council is the foreign ministers‘ formation of the Council dealing with
the Union’s external relations; it is chaired by the High Representative.
Website of the Council
• Its main task according to Article 16 of the Consolidated Treaty on European Union is to
“elaborate the Union's external action on the basis of strategic guidelines laid down by the European Council and ensure
that the Union's action is consistent.”
• The Council’s agenda is prepared by COREPER. Issues that COREPER has already agreed on are usually formally approved by
the Council, which only dwells on select topics at the highest intergovernmental level.
• Unanimity: Decisions related to CSDP have to be taken by consensus (as codified in Article 31 TEU). Member states have
the option of a constructive abstention, obligating them to give a formal explanation on their reasons. A decision is
blocked if more than one third of the member states abstains from voting or any state vetoes the decision.
Information: The General Affairs and External Relations (GAERC) Council
Until the entering into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the GAERC was the Council formation responsible for ESDP. It was chaired
by the foreign minister of the rotating Council presidency and met on a monthly basis. Since 2002, the GAERC convened in
separate sessions for general affairs and external relations. In the latter case the Secretary-General/High Representative
for CFSP (Javier Solana) also took part at Council meetings. On certain occasions member states‘ defence ministers would
also attend, as well as Commission delegates. With the provisions of the Lisbon Treaty enacted, two entirely separate
Council formations have emerged from the former GAERC, the General Affairs Council and the Foreign Affairs Council.
Click to return…
Decision-making bodies in CFSP/CSDP (former ‘2nd Pillar’)
European Council
(Summit of the Heads of State and Government)
sets policy guidelines
Foreign Affairs Council
chairs
Click on any of
the boxes here or
during the
presentation to
get further
information...
Committee of the Permanent Representatives (COREPER)
policy-making body
advisory body
Political and Security Committee (PSC)
High Representative
Head of the European External Action Service
Council General Secretariat
Policy Planning &
Early Warning Unit
Joint Situation Centre
(SITCEN)
EU Military Staff
(EUMS)
Civ. Planning & Conduct
Capability (CPCC)
advises
Committee for Civilian
Aspects of Crisis
Management (CIVCOM)
advises
EU Military Committee
(EUMC)
Click to continue…
Information
Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC)
See website of the CPCC and the
Civilian Operations Commander
Key Facts:
• On 18 June 2007, the EU Council agreed on a new chain of command for civilian ESDP operations amid a
growing demand for civilian crisis management operations
• The CPCC is responsible for the planning and conduct of civilian missions, and is headed by a Civilian
Operations Commander who exercises command and control (C²) at the strategic level of civilian missions
• The CPCC staff is divided into
– a Conduct of Operations Unit
– a Horizontal Coordination Unit
– a Mission Support Unit
• The CPCC has a total of about 60 staff. It draws on expertise and staff from the Council Secretariat and also
seconds personnel from member states.
• Since the take-over of mission planning and conduct by the CPCC, the other relevant Directorates within the
Council Secretariat are mainly tasked with political and strategic guidance functions
• The CPCC is placed under the political control and strategic direction of the Political and Security
Committee (PSC) and the overall authority of the High Representative
• It will provide planning and support assistance to CIVCOM, similar to EUMS’s assistance to the EUMC
Click to return…
Treaty of Lisbon – Important changes in security and defence
New high-profile positions
• Permanent President of the European Council, elected for 2.5 years (Herman van Rompuy)
• In charge of the external representation of the Union at the level of Heads of State and Government.
• The new ‘double-hatted‘ High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (Catherine Ashton)
• Combining the posts of High Representative for CFSP, External Relations Commissioner and
President of the European Commission, and heading the new European External Action Service.
Vice-
More flexibility in intergovernmental cooperation
• Permanent Structured Cooperation (Art. 42.6 Consolidated Treaty on European Union - TEU): enables cooperation
between pioneer groups of member states “whose military capabilities fulfil higher criteria and which have made more
binding commitments to one another in this area.” The Permanent Structured Cooperation can be established through
Qualified Majority Voting (Art. 46.2 TEU) and is supposed to cover common defence projects and the pooling of assets; it is
not a mechanism for the deployment of missions.
• Art. 44.1 of the TEU also formalises the practice to entrust a group of member states with the launch and execution of a
CSDP mission.
• Importantly, however, in the Council of 27 decision-making in security and defence remains unanimous (Art. 42.4 TEU).
Broader scope of tasks
• The scope of the so-called Petersberg tasks has been expanded to include “joint disarmament operations; military advice
and assistance tasks, peace-making and post-conflict stabilisation; conflict prevention and post-conflict stabilization
missions” and also contribute to combating terrorism “in supporting third countries in their territories” (Art. 43.1 TEU).
• The Treaty of Lisbon contains a defence clause (Art. 42.7 TEU) which, in accordance to Article 51 of the UN Charter, calls
on member states to provide aid and assistance to a member state in case it falls victim to an armed aggression, and a
solidarity clause (Art. 222 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - TFEU), calling on the Union to act jointly
and to assist a member state in case of a terrorist attack or other disaster, should this member state so request.
Suggested reading: Quille, Gerrard 2008, The Lisbon Treaty and its implications for CFSP/ESDP. Briefing Paper, Policy Department, European Parliament. Click to return…
Information
European Council – Summit of the Heads of State and Government
Key Facts:
• With the Treaty of Lisbon, the European Council has become an official EU
institution chaired by a permanent President (Herman van Rompuy),
meeting twice every six months.
• The European Council defines the general political direction and priorities
Website of the European Council
of the EU; it does not exercise legislative functions.
• The European Council consists of the Heads of State and Government of the Member States,
together with its President and the President of the Commission. The High Representative of
the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy shall take part in its work.
The President:
• The President is elected by qualified majority; his/her term of office is 2.5 years, renewable
once.
• According to Article 15 (6) of the consolidated Treaty on the European Union, the President
of the European Council:
– chairs it and drives forward its work;
– ensures the preparation and continuity of the work of the European Council in cooperation with the
President of the Commission, and on the basis of the work of the General Affairs Council;
Website of the
– endeavours to facilitate cohesion and consensus within the European Council;
– shall present a report to the European Parliament after each of the meetings of the European Council. President
• The President of the European Council shall, at his level and in that capacity, ensure the
external representation of the Union on issues concerning its common foreign and
security policy, without prejudice to the powers of the High Representative of the Union for
Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.
Click to return…
Information
European External Action Service
Key Facts EEAS:
• The new EEAS is headed by the High Representative and is likely to form the centrepiece of the post-Lisbon
EU external policy apparatus. Currently, its composition, institutional arrangements, and concrete mandate
are still under negotiation. It might not be fully operational before 2012.
• Among other things, the EEAS might bring together the external policy domains of the Commission such as
development assistance and humanitarian aid with those of the Council such as security and defence in
order to achieve a coherent European crisis management.
• According to Article 27.3 of the Treaty on European Union,
“(…) the High Representative shall be assisted by a European External Action Service. This service shall
work in cooperation with the diplomatic services of the Member States and shall comprise officials from
relevant departments of the General Secretariat of the Council and of the Commission as well as staff
seconded from national diplomatic services of the Member States. The organisation and functioning of the
European External Action Service shall be established by a decision of the Council. The Council shall act on
a proposal from the High Representative after consulting the European Parliament and after obtaining the
consent of the Commission.
For further information on the development of the EEAS see
• website of the EEAS for updates on its development
• European Voice topic page
• BBC Q&A
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