Transcript Document

Brussels Rural Development Briefings
Session No 11
Meeting Food Safety Standards –
Implications for ACP agricultural exports
11th May 2009 – European Commission
Challenges with the Development of Compliance
Infrastructure
Steffen Kaeser
Trade Capacity-Building Branch
[email protected]
Global Trade Challenges: Present Inadequacies
SUPPLY SIDE:
“LDCs have neither the surplus of capacity of exportable products nor the production capacity to
take immediate advantage of new trade opportunities”
Kofi Annan - UN SG, Financial Times, 5 Mar. 2001
CONFORMITY:
Countries that can not meet standards and regulations in developed country markets are effectively
barred from trading with those markets.
International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada
TRADE FACILITATION/INFRASTRUCTURE:
For the majority of Sub-Saharan African countries, tariffs amounted to less than 2%, while
transport cost incidence often exceeded 10%. Since the introduction of AGOA, transport costs
have risen relative to tariffs.
World Bank Trade Note 15; May 10, 2004
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE:
US$ 1.75 bn. exports from developing countries have been disrupted in 2004, due to SPS (food
safety) non-compliance. While only US$ 53 mn. spent by donors on SPS support.
Steven Jaffee & Spencer Henson, Standards and Agro-Food Exports from Developing Countries – Rebalancing the Debate,
World Bank 2004
No.2
Challenges for Trade participation: The 3 Cs
 “Countries must have marketable products for
exportation”
 COMPETITIVITY of productive capacities
 “Products must conform to requirements of clients
and markets”
 CONFORMITY with standards
 “Rules for trade must be equitable and customs
procedures harmonized”
 CONNECTIVITY to markets
 PRODUCTIVITY (enterprise)
 COST OF EXPORTING (support services)
Compete
Conform
Connect
No.3
Forming Strategic Partnerships for Trade Capacity-Building
No.4
Developing countries’ potential in Agro-Food area
but have to comply with market requirements
Meeting Pre-conditions for Exports
Regulatory Environment for Compliance
WTO TBT /SPS Agreements (Jan 1995)
WTO TBT & SPS agreements compliance
– Products sourced from areas free of pests & diseases
– Fruits/vegetables - minimum pesticide residue standard
– Meats/fish meet minimum antibiotic residue requirement
– Standards of hygiene applied in manufacturing (HACCP/ISO 22000)
Developing countries lack of implementation capacity
No.5
“Fair Trade for All”:
Priority Areas to meet Product Standards Requirements
• “Developing countries lack the ability to assist their producers to meet
product standards,
which often act as a barrier to developing country exports
• Significant assistance from developed countries is required to build
up their capabilities to conform to product standard requirements”
“UNIDO recommends the following priority areas for assistance
1. A national/regional standards/standardization body
2. A national/regional metrology system
3. A certification/conformity assessment system
4. An accreditation system”
Source: J. Stiglitz & A. Charlton, Fair Trade for All – How Trade can promote
Development, Oxford University Press, 2005
No.6
UNIDO – DG SANCO Cooperation
- High-level dialogue between UNIDO DG and EC DG SANCO since 2008
Main targeted areas for cooperation:
- Establishment of a Manual on Competent Authorities for horticulture products
- Systematic use of Food and Veterinary Office (FVO) Inspection Reports and of RASFF data
on rejections for design of TA programmes
- Participation in the Better Training for Safer Food (BTSF) Initiative
- Development of a Rapid Inspection Response Facility (for short-term immediate TA after
deficiencies are identified by Inspections - avoiding bans)
Plan:
UNIDO support project for DG SANCO cooperation, includ. RIRF
No.7
UNIDO TCB - LDCs Coverage (2007: 36 countries)
On-going and planned
UEMOA/ECOWAS
Benin
Mali
Burkina Faso
Niger
Cape Verde
Senegal
Gambia
Sierra Leone
Guinea
Togo
SAARC
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Guinea Bissau
Maldives
Afghanistan
Liberia
Mauritania
SAARC
Haiti
CARICOM
UEMOA/
Senegal
ECOWAS
CARICOM
Haiti
Nepal
Nepal
Bangladesh
EAC
Tanzania
Central African Rep.
Mozambique
Madagascar
Chad
SADC
Congo
Cambodia
Ethiopia
CEMAC
CEMAC
MEKONG
MEKONG Delta
Countries
Cambodia
Lao PDR
EAC
Uganda
Tanzania
Burundi (2007)
Rwanda (2007)
Equatorial Guinea
SADC
Source: OECD DAC List
Angola
Malawi
Congo
Mozambique
Lesotho
Tanzania
Madagascar
Zambia
Regional Programmes
Country Programmes
No.8
UNIDO Aid-for-Trade type Programmes (Supply-side & Conformity)
Support to the National Prevention Programme of Ochratoxin
in Coffee and Cocoa in Côte d’Ivoire
Budget: € 1.7 million
Donor: EC
Objective: help the supply-chain actors to secure their incomes and exportations
Outputs:
- studies in coffee and cocoa supply-chains (determination of contamination levels,
identification of critical contamination points, and determination of adequate sampling
methods);
- national OTA analytical laboratory upgrading for ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation
- promotion of good practices during production and post-harvest stages
- Lobbying activities to draw the attention of the EC on adequate OTA maximum levels.
* The OTA is a mycotoxin considered as a genotoxic human carcinogen and the European
Commission (EC) is examining the opportunity to raise new maximum contamination levels for
green and roasted coffee, cocoa and cocoa based products
No.9
UNIDO Aid-for-Trade type Programmes (Supply-side & Conformity)
Pakistan TRADE RELATED TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
PROGRAMME
Budget: € 5.0 million Donor: EU
Barrier to Trade Survey
Study on SPS Compliance for Exports
Standards (PSQCA)

•
•
•
Standards development
Certification Body (Systems)
Consumer affairs
Product certification
Metrology (NPSL)
•
Lab upgrading, international accreditation
Product Testing (MFD, PCSIR, etc): Fisheries, Food, Leather, Textile
•
•
Lab upgrading, PT participation
International accreditation
Accreditation (PNAC)
•
•
•
•
Organizational strengthening, international recognition
National accreditation scheme
Training of auditors
Setting-up of PT schemes
Quality/Hygiene (Private sector, FPCCI, etc.) Fish/food
•
•
•
•
•
Management systems
Good practices
Compliance with market requirements
Pilot certifications HACCP, ISO 9001, 14001, SA 8000)
Pilot traceability systems
Boat hygiene
Icing
Landing Sites
Inspection
Auction Hall
Processors
Traceability
No.10
UNIDO TCB Programmes (TA combining Supply-side & Conformity)
Regional Trade: UNIDO/EU - UEMOA Programme
Budget: € 14.0 million
Donor: EU
Productive Capacities and Quality Promotion
•
•
•
•
Food safety, productivity and quality promotion
68 pilot enterprises prepared for ISO 9001
National and regional Quality awards
Training of journalists in consumerism and product quality
Standards and Conformity Assessment
• Harmonization of standards for export products
• Harmonization of testing procedures, reg. database on labs
• Upgrading of 50 laboratories, 24 for international accreditation
Regional accreditation scheme
• Training of 16 Lab. auditors
• Training of 40 ISO 9001 auditors
UEMOA Phase 2: (€ 6.0 million)
UEMOA Upgrading: funding received (€ 11.0 million)
In cooperation with:
Microbiology
Laboratory in Côte
d’Ivoire recently
received COFRAC
ISO/IEC 17025
accreditation for food
testing (Sept. 2007)
No.12
West Africa Quality Programme
(€ 14.5 million – EU funding)
No.13
West Africa Quality Programme
 Trade Analysis
 Standardization
 Accreditation
 Product Testing/Metrology
 Inspection
 Traceability
 Quality Promotion
COLEACP/PIP
Enhanced
Integrated
Framework (EIF)
No.14
Component 1: Product Testing
Total of 120 labs interested in the programme
Total of 40 laboratories assessed for international accreditation (ISO/IEC 17025)
Micro-biological Testing
Chemical Testing
Pesticides Testing
International accreditation potential:
2 – 3 laboratories per country
Critical Issues:
-
Decision on lab selection (done through NSCs and UEMOA Commissions)
Identification of country priority products (done by NSCs)
Regional division of labour
Civil works as pre-requisite, limited programme funds for equipment upgrades
Institutional set-up and salary/incentive schemes
No.15
Component 2: Product Testing
Total of 39 laboratories assessed for international accreditation (ISO/IEC 17025)
Micro-biological laboratories:
Cape Verde (3), Ghana (3), Guinea (2), The Gambia (2), Liberia (2), Mauritania (3), Nigeria (2),
Sierra Leone (1)
Chemical laboratories:
Cape Verde (1), Ghana (3), Guinea (2), The Gambia (2), Liberia (1), Mauritania (2), Nigeria (2),
Sierra Leone (1)
Pesticides laboratories:
Cape Verde (1), Ghana (1), Guinea (1), The Gambia (1), Liberia (1), Mauritania (1), Nigeria (1),
Sierra Leone (1)
International accreditation potential:
Micro-biological laboratories: 8-10
Chemical laboratories: 5
Pesticide laboratories: 3
Critical Issues:
- Decision on lab selection, reference laboratories, and regional division of labour
- Civil works as pre-requisite, limited programme funds for equipment upgrades
- Institutional set-up (Business Plan) and salary/incentive schemes
No.16
Implementation Challenges
Programme Design
- Available financial resources
- Programme duration 3 years with
no inception and closing phase
- Regional Support Unit (2 staff only)
- Increase in expert pro forma cost,
equipment cost, regional travel
fares
Regional Dimension
-
2 RECs
15+1 countries
Regional travel
3 languages, Translation/interpretation
Diverse country/development profiles
Countries and RECs divergences
No.17
Implementation Challenges
Managerial Challenges
- Techn. counterpart at RECs level (SMTQ)
- RECs familiarity with TA (FAFA, etc.)
- Responsabilities of programme partners, division of labour
- UNIDO HQ management
- Size and Location of Regional Support Team
- Donor Coordination
- Communication by programme with RECs, EC (regional and national),
countries, etc.
Politico- technical Challenges
- Regional decisions on lab upgrading, division of labour
- Regional activities: Harmonization of standards, etc.
- Regional schemes are new territory
No.18
CONCLUSIONS
Developing Compliance Infrastructure is complex – tailor programmes
Regional programmes are needed but difficult – develop REC Capacity
REC development is an extra outcome – allocate resources and time
Programme management is intensive and needs a lot of communication
Regional outcomes are difficult but measurable – need regional convergence
Compliance Infrastructure is only one part of trade development:
3 pronged: Competitive supply – Compliance services - Connectivity
No.19
Merci !
Thank You !
Trade
Capacity
Building
No.20