Transcript Cabaran Ibubapa Bekerjaya Masa Kini dan Pengurusan

WACANA MINDA
RAKAN PEMBIMBING JPM
OKTOBER 2011
PERANAN RAKAN PEMBIMBING :
KEKELUARGAAN DAN KESIHATAN MENTAL, APA
YANG PERLU ANDA TAHU
Professor Madya Dr. Saedah A. Ghani
Ketua Program Kaunseling
FKP, USIM
FAMILY WELL BEING / FAMILY HEALTH
• Family Well being or family health refers to
functional families that able to adapt to
change, set appropriate boundaries, develop
relationships through open communication,
promote responsibility, express confidence
in themselves and their children, and are
optimist about their future ( Cutler & Redford
1999 in Glading)
Characteristic of Healthy Families
• Commitment to the family and its
individuals
• Appreciation for each other
• Willingness to spend time
together
• Effective communication patterns
• High degree of religious / spiritual
orientation
• Ability to deal with crisis in a
positive manner i.e
adaptability
• Encouragement of individuals
• Clear roles
1.Commitment
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members are devoted not only to the welfare
of the family but also to the growth of each
of the members
members giving their time and energy to the
family-related activities.
staying loyal to the family and its member
through both good and adverse life events –
based on emotion and intention.
2.
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Appreciation
family members express their
appreciation verbally or physically
toward one another.
Family members avoid fights that
take the form of personal attacks or
violence.
3.
Willingness to spend time together
-
family members spend both quantitive
and qualitative time together - to share
thoughts, feelings, and identities e.g.
family picnic to overnight campouts
to vocations, etc (Gibblin, 1995)
-
the time they spend together needs to
be good time ; no one enjoys hours of
bickering, arguing, pouting, or bullying
4.
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Effective communication patterns
includes skill of exchanging patterns of
information between family members
(Brock & Bernard 1999,)
members attend to messages from one
another and pick up on subtle as well as
obvious points.
Support, understanding and empathy
No competition for “ air time” or
silence.
5.
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Religious and spiritual orientation
a riligious / spiritual orientation helps
families find meaning and moral
principles by which to live (Griffith &
Rotter 1999 Gld)
members of the families often deals as a
group with religious / spiritual questions
during certain events for example death,
birth and marriages
6.
Ability to deal with crisis in a positive
manner i.e adaptability)
-
Families members deal with an expected
event crisis ( such as leaving one’s family
of origin / get job / get married) through
negotiating, seeking advice from those who
are more experienced, using humours, and
expressing emotion to deals with such
transition
Healthy families deal with nonevents ( non
expected e.g financial problem ) by
expressing their emotions and supporting
one another.
-
7.
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Encouragement of individuals
encouragement and the development of talents
and abilities within their family members.
Among the crucial times encouragement is
needed are:
• With school aged children
• With adolescents :coping with physical
changes and peer groups
• With young adults as they move from their
parents’ house into their own psychological
and physical spaces filled with dreams and
posibilities
8.
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Clear roles
Roles in healthy families are clear,
approriate, suitably allocated,
mutually agreed on integrated, and
enacted
determined by such factors as age
culture, and tradition.
Roles as interchangeable, and
flexible as possible
FAMILY LIFE CYCLE
What is family life cycle ?
-
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developmental trends within the family
over time (Carter & Mc Goldericks,
1999 )
includes all dimension of the individual
life course but emphasize family as a
whole
Stages of family Life Cycle
Carter & Mc Golderick (1999) outline 6 stages of
the intact middle class nuclear family:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Single young adults, leaving home
The new couple
Families with young children
Families with adolescent
Families launching and moving on
Families in later age
Stage 1. Single young adults, leaving home
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A major task is to disconnect and
reconnect with one’s family on a
different level while simultaneously
establishing oneself as a person
-
require a person to strike a balance
between a career and/or marriage
ambition and a desire for a personal
autonomy.
Cont…
-
Issues that are likely to prompt singles
to seek family therapy are those
connected with :
• A weak personal sense of self
• The inability to emotionally and
physically separate from
one’s family of origin
• A lack of social skills to establish
significant relationship
Stage 2.
The new couple : Joining the
family through marriage
-
Marriage begin with courtship – the
period when individual test their
compatibility with others through
dating
-
In initial stage of marriage characterized
by idealization – both men and
women in marriage idealize each
other and relate accordingly
Cont…
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Adjustment and adaptation stage : share
space, meals, work , leisure and sleep
activities – accommodate each others
wishes , requests and fantacies –
Adjustment with new relationship – in
laws and friends
most likely times for couples to divorce
due to an ability of individuals to
resolves differences
It is also often seen as a time of life when
couples
experience the greatest
amount of satisfaction, especially if they
later have children
Cont…
Issues that are likely to prompt new couples to
seek family therapy are those connected with :
•The inability to adjust to living as a couple
instead of as an individual
•Difficulty with relatives, either family of
origin or in laws
•The inability to work through interpersonal
issues, such as developing adequate or
optimal communications patterns
Stage 3.
Families with young children
-
Becoming a parent is a physical, psychological
and social event that alters a couple’s lifestyle
dramatically
-
The arrival of a child has an impact on a couple’s
lifestyle marital relationship (eg sexual contact)
and paternal/maternal stress ( eg. new
demands) – family become unbalance
temporily
-
Couples have to adjust the time they spend working
outside the house, socialising with friends and
engaging in recreational activities
Cont…
-
Sharing responsibility in child rearing –
ensuring that
an enduring
attachment bond is created
-
meeting the physical and psychological
demands involved in having preshool
children – more challenging if both
parents are working
-
Other challenges : relationship with
extended family, demands of work, use of
leisure and finance
Cont…
Issues that are likely to prompt families to
seek family therapy are those connected
with :
•“ the fallout that accompanies the
necessary reorganisation of relationship
and activities” of the married couple
•“establishment of controls” for a young
child
Stage 4.
Families with Adolescent
-
Couples who have adolescents must take
care of themselves, their relationship,
their teenagers, and often their aging
parents - sandwich generation
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It is filled with turbulence that varies across
families –
trouble setting limits, defining
relationships, and taking adequate care of
one another – disagreement
between
parents and teens – increase family conflict
and tension often occur during the time
adolescents are in the family.
Cont…
-
The adolescent themselves express more of a
desire and assertiveness to be autonomous
and independent
-
Peer groups and siblings become more
important for them and parental influence
decrease as conflicts with parents increase –
parents must establish qualitatively different
boundaries – parents can no longer maintain
complete authority – facilitate the
recognition and acceptance of difference of
family members.
Cont…
Issues that are likely to prompt families with adolescents
to seek family therapy are those connected with :
• Conflicts between parents and their teenage
offspring, such as the setting of limits and
expression of opinions
• Detachment or anger over the couple
relationship as partners age developmentally and
psychologically and realize dreams and
opportunities are slipping away
• Stress related to the care of aging parents and /
or the demands of work and family life
Stage 5.Launching children and moving on
-
As children leave home for college, career,
marriage, or other options, parents face the
so called Empty nest – life for couples
without child rearing responsibilities.
-
Most middle-aged women at this stage are
likely to be energetically attending to their
own interests and thankful for the freedom
to pursue them at last.
Cont…
-
For some women who have mainly defined
themselves as mothers and invested heavily
in their children, the empty nest can be a
time of sadness – depression, dependency,
and divorce may occur.
-
For men the empty nest usually corresponds to
midlife – focus on their physical bodies,
marriages and occupational aspirations as
well as the new changes in the bahaviour of
their wives.
Cont…
Issues that are likely to prompt empty nesters to
seek family therapy are those connected with :
•A sense of loss in regard to oneself, a
marriage or the moving out of a child
•A sense of conflict with a child who is not
becoming independent enough
•A sense of frustration or anger in regard to
one’s marriage or career ambitions
Cont…
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Composed of a couple in their final
years of employment or in early
retirement (65 yrs and above).
Physical decline and dependency
(Goldin & Mohr, 2000) – major concern
is finance – women who live long lives
– loss of spouse – chronic ill – keeping
healthy is the main task.
The advantage : being a grandparent –
interacting with their grandchildren.
Stage 6. Families in later life
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The family of later life , like the newly
married couple, has the most
freedom to come and go as they
wish.
-
experience the enjoyment of having
lived and participated in a number
of important life cycle events
-
a time when couples can reflect on
the activities they were too busy
with previously.
Cont…
Issues that are likely to prompt families in later life
to seek family therapy are those connected with :
• A lack of meaning or enjoyment related to the loss
of actively working or caring for children or the
death of a spouse
• A concern over adjustments in aging, such as
diminish energy or facing one’s own mortality
• An inability to establish good relationship with
children, in laws or grandchildren
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR FAMILY THERAPY
Goals of using the tools and techniques in family
therapy
• Help the family get in touch with its own
discomfort.
• Help the family have a new experience; to try
say something different or in a different way.
• Help the family have a new understanding or
insight.
• Help the family to have hope, that they can
change and will get over the problem.
Positive Reframing
• For every negative thought, feeling or behavior,
there is a positive intention being expressed.
• Helps confirm the good intention or character of
the member.
• Don’t overuse it.
• Don’t say it unless you believe it.
• Say it affirmatively.
• Don’t try to sell it.
Enactments
• Encouraging actual interaction between
family members in the room.
• Aims to getting members to talk to each
other rather than the therapist and allows
family members to be themselves.
• Therapist will be the observer/wallflower.
Mapping
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Help therapist get information of the case at a glance.
Draw the parent-child boundary.
Draw circles for females, squares for male.
The number of connecting lines indicates closeness; a
dotted line shows distance.
The size of each figure represents relative power in
the family.
Crossbars indicate the amount of conflict between
family members.
Use triangles to symbolize agencies or community
resources.
Note specific areas of concern, like chemical
dependency with abbreviations.
Example
F
NA
GM
M
Parent-Child
Boundary
MH
IP
5
11
DSS
Mapping (cont.)
• Mapping gives a systemic picture of the
family, which is useful for creating themes
and goals in therapy.
• Mapping helps us communicate our
observation of family dynamic with
colleagues.
Circle Method
• Draw a circle on the paper, give each person a
copy and ask them to place their family on
the paper.
• Draw family members with smaller circles
outside or inside the big circle, close together
or far apart.
• Make objective comments; let the family
make their own interpretations.
Example
Minister
Kelly
Alcohol
Friends
ME
New Talk
• A way of getting family members to say
something different to each other.
• Anything is okay to say as long as it has not
been said before.
• Interrupts repetitive patterns of talk. If
negative, turn it around to be positive.
• Keep spotlight on interaction until a more
personal level is reached.
Guardrail
• Helps parents see that they can set limits
together and speak with one voice.
• Parents hold hands to form the guardrail
which symbolizes their limit-setting with
child.
• Parents work better as a team is more
powerful when setting limits.
Sculpting
• Each person is asked to sculpt their family by
placing family members wherever they
choose, in the room.
• Start with a child.
• Get off the stage.
• Give everyone a chance.
• Allows to show a picture of the family
including self and how one see the family.
Alter Ego
• Therapist sits behind a family member and
speaks for them.
• Start with non-threatening comments.
• Ten or fifteen minutes are long enough.
• Get permission first and ask client to correct
you; ask them to speak for themselves.
• Alter ego is a powerful tool, so always use it
carefully.
Sekian
Terima ksaih
Wallahualam
Wassalam