COMMON CHILDHOOD INFECTIONS AND RASHES

Sue Lowe Oct 2005

OBJECTIVES

       Bacterial infections Viral rashes Fungal infections Parasitic infestations Rashes associated with systemic disease Neonatal and congenital rashes Quiz!

MENINGOCOCCAL SEPTICAEMIA

 MORTALITY 5-10% (90% if DIC)  MORBIDITY 10% (Deafness, neurological problems, amputations)  Peak incidence < 4yrs  Immunisation programme includes Men C 60% of bacterial meningitis in UK due to Men B

MENINGOCOCCAL SEPTICAEMIA

 CLINICAL FEATURES:  Fever, non-specific malaise, lethargy, vomiting, meningism, resp distress, irritability, seizures  Maculopapular rash common early in disease  Petechial rash seen in 50-60%

MENINGOCOCCAL SEPTICAEMIA

 MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY CARE  IMMEDIATE IV/IM ANTIBIOTICS    Benzylpenicillin 1.2g > 10yrs Benzylpenicillin 600mg 1-9yrs Benzylpenicillin 300mg < 1yr  CONTACT PROPHYLAXIS    Rifampicin 600mg bd 2/7 > 12yrs Rifampicin 10mg/kg bd 2/7 1-12yrs Rifampicin 5mg/kg bd 2/7 < 1yr

MENINGOCOCCAL SEPTICAEMIA

IMPETIGO

        Staph Aureus or Gp A Strep Pyogenes Classically ruptured vesicles with honey-coloured crusting May be bullous More common in pre-existing skin disease Very contagious, rapid spread Commonly starts around face/mouth Rx. Topical fusidic acid or oral flucloxacillin Advice re nursery/school

IMPETIGO

STAPHYLOCOCCAL SCALDED SKIN

       Caused by Staphylococcal exfoliative toxin Erythematous tender skin, progressing to desquamation after 24-48hrs Nikolsky sign 62% < 2yrs, 98% < 5yrs BCs usually negative in children Usually febrile, may rapidly progress to dehydration/shock Rx. Systemic antistaphylococcal abx., emollients, may need IV fluids

STAPH SCALDED SKIN

SCARLET FEVER

           Gp A beta-haemolytic Strep 2-4 days post-Streptococcal pharyngitis Fever, headache, sore throat, unwell Flushed face with circumoral pallor Rash may extend to whole body Rough ‘sandpaper’ skin Desquamation after 5/7, particularly soles and palms School age children White strawberry tongue Dx. Throat swab, ASO titres Rx. Penicillin 10/7

SCARLET FEVER

SCARLET FEVER

VARICELLA

      Incubation 14-21 days Mild prodromal illness Rash: Face, scalp, trunk, spreads centrifugally Macules – papules – vesicles – pustules – crusts Complications: encephalitis, pneumonia, superceded Staphylococcal infection, disseminated disease in immunocompromised Advice to pregnant mothers

MEASLES

      Unwell child Incubation 7-14 days Fever, conjunctival suffusion, coryza Maculopapular rash starting on face and progressing to whole body Koplik’s spots are pathognomonic Complications: Otitis media, pneumonia, hepatitis, myocarditis, encephalomyelitis, SSPE

MEASLES

MUMPS

     Incubation 14-21 days, infectious for 1 week after parotid swelling develops Painful salivary gland in 2/3 Bilat or unilat May be parotid (60%) or parotid and submandibular (10%) Complications: Encephalitis, transient deafness, epididymo-orchitis, pancreatitis, myocarditis

OTHER COMMON VIRAL INFECTIONS

        Slapped cheek = Fifth disease = Parvovirus B19 = Erythema infectiosum Hand, foot and mouth (Coxsackie A and B) Roseala infantum (HHV-6) HSV Molluscum Rubella EBV HPV

MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM

FUNGAL INFECTIONS

  Dermatophyte fungi (Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Microsporum)      Tinea capitis Tinea cruris Tinea pedis Tinea ungium Tinea corporis   Annular, scaling, erythematous lesions Systemic Rx usually required for scalp and nail infections (obtain mycological confirmation first)

TINEA CAPITIS

FUNGAL INFECTIONS

   PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOUR Hypopigmented patches on upper chest, neck, arms Usually settle spontaneously       CANDIDA Classically causes oral thrush and nappy rash in infants Vulvovaginitis in adolescent girls Intertriginous lesions (neck, groin, axilla) Chronic mucocutaneous Candidiasis may occur in cell mediated immune deficiencies Disseminated disease may be life-threatening in immunocompromised individuals

PARASITIC INFECTIONS

 HEAD LICE     Most common aged 4-11 years Treatments include wet combing, permethrin or malathion (use lotions in preference to shampoos) Repeat treatment after 1 week to ensure all unhatched ova killed Do not need to treat whole family but screen with thorough wet combing



PARASITIC INFECTIONS

SCABIES     Highly contagious, spread by skin contact Commonly papules, vesicles, pustules, nodules Burrows are pathognomonic Intractable pruritus, worse at night and in web spaces    Rx. With permethrin, malathion or crotamiton (use aqueous preparations in children as alcoholic preparations may cause stinging and wheeze) Repeat treatment after 1 week Treat whole household

PARASITIC INFECTIONS

 THREADWORMS      Usually present with pruritus ani May see worms in faeces Diagnosis on history or ‘sticky tape’ test Rx. Mebendazole 100mg – repeat 14 days later Treat whole family

RASHES ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC DISEASE

          Erythema multiforme Stevens Johnson syndrome Erythema nodosum SLE Dermatomyositis JIA Malignancy Drugs Kawasaki’s Familial Mediterrean Fever

ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME

STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME

NAPPY RASH

      Irritant/ammoniacal Candida Seborrhoeic dermatitis Atopic eczema Psoriasis Non-accidental injury

NAPKIN CANDIDIASIS

COMMON NEONATAL RASHES

        Milia Salmon patch (stork mark) Mongolian blue spot Erythema toxicum neonatorum Strawberry naevus (capillary haemangioma) Port wine stain (naevus flammeus) Sebaceous naevi Congenital melanocytic naevus

MONGOLIAN BLUE SPOT

PORT WINE STAIN

CONGENITAL GIANT MELANOCYTIC NAEVUS

QUIZ

 1 yr old Amy presents with a history of coryzal symptoms, general malaise and high fever (39 diagnosis?

0 C). After 3 days, her temperature returns to normal. 12 hours later, she develops a maculopapular rash over her trunk. What is the most likely

QUIZ

 The following are associated with infection with Group A beta haemolytic Streptococcus?

     Neonatal meningitis Glomerulonephritis Scarlet fever Toxic shock syndrome Pneumonia

QUIZ

 The following are included in the current UK immunisation programme:      Men C at pre-school booster BCG at birth MMR at 2 months DT and polio at 15 years Pertussis at pre-school booster

QUIZ

 The following may cause fever and a widespread rash?

     Ulcerative colitis Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Familial Mediterrean Fever Candidiasis Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

QUIZ

 13 year old Neville is a homozygote for sickle cell disease and usually has a Hb of 8.0g/l. Following a mild URTI, he presents to his GP complaining of increased lethargy. A FBC reveals Hb 5.0, WCC 4.0, plt 90. What is the most likely cause?

QUIZ

 True or false:  Topical antifungals are effective in tinea capitis  Oral antifungals are always indicated in pityriasis versicolour  Candida is the most likely cause of a vaginal discharge in a continent school age child  Genital warts are common in children

QUIZ

 Which of the following are notifiable diseases?

     Meningococcal meningitis Rubella CMV Campylobacter Parvovirus B19

QUIZ

 Which of the following are required to make a diagnosis of Kawasaki’s disease?

     Fever of 2 days duration Purulent conjunctivitis Polymorphous rash Mucosal involvement Involvement of hands and feet