Transcript What About the Future of the ERSPC Within a an Expanding

2nd International Conference on
INTEGRATIVE APPROACHES TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY
Riga, Latvia, May 11 - 14, 2005
ENVIRONMENTAL AND
THERMODYNAMIC INDICATORS IN
SUPPORT OF FAIR AND SUSTAINABLE
POLICY MAKING
Investigating equitable trade among Latvia,
Denmark and Italy
Sergio Ulgiati, University of Siena, Italy
Catia Cialani, University of Foggia, Italy
In this lecture we will:

Explore the role of environmental support in the economic
performance of a Nation

Explore the potentiality of the emergy approach in
assessing such a performance

Use the emergy approach for an assessment of trade among
Latvia, Denmark and Italy

Investigate options for implementing trade balance and
equity among Nations
Let’s start from Mineral Mining and Trading
Source: Payal Sampat, Scrapping Mining
Dependence. In: The State of the World,
2003, The World Watch Institute. Pp. 110135.
The Point of View of the Economy:
Metals and Minerals Price Index, 1960-2001
Mineral Dependence and Poverty Rates
Selected Countries, 1990s
Where does wealth
come from…?
Resources
Money
The Terms of Trade
Imports: The purchase of goods, services and energy
from abroad that leads to an outflow of currency from a
country
Exports: The sale of goods, services and energy to
buyers from other countries leading to an inflow of
currency to the country
The Terms of Trade looks at the relationship
between the money received for exports and the
money paid for imports
Average Price of Exports
Terms of Trade = ---------------------------------------Average Price of Imports
The Italian Terms of Trade
Term
of
trade
EXPORTS/
IMPORTS
SELECTED YEARS
1989
1991
1995
2000
2002
0.97
0.97
1.12
1.01
1.03
Environmental support

Everything in the biosphere is the product of a
continuous self-organization activity, in which resources
are degraded, cycled, and transformed via processes
driven by solar energy, deep heat and gravitational
potential.
The energy chain…
At each transformation step some energy is degraded and
some is passed to the next step in the chain.
Techno-humans…
The 20th century energy food chain…
(Courtesy of Mark T. Brown, 2004)
Environmental Accounting methods
MATERIAL INTENSITY is the overall material
input which humans move, divert or extract to
make a product or provide a service
(Wuppertal)
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT is the amount of
appropriate productivity, expressed in hectares
that is needed to sustain a given process or
population
(Wackernagel and Reese)
EMERGY is a measure of the global
environmental support to a system,
expressed in unit of solar equivalent
energy (seJ)
(H. T. Odum)
Emergy Definition
EMERGY - The available energy (of one form,
usually solar) required directly and indirectly to
make something (seJ)
Inp ut
Em e r g y
B
Inp ut
Em e r g y
A
Inp ut
Em e r g y
C
Out put Emergy = A + B + C
T r a nsf o r m a t io n
Pr o c e ss
Emergy Intensity
The amount of emergy required to produce a
given amount of mass or energy of a product
(seJ/J; seJ/g; seJ/€)
Inp ut
Em e r g y
B
Emergy Intensity =
Emergy support
Output (Joules or grams)
Inp ut
Em e r g y
A
Inp ut
Em e r g y
C
Out put Emergy = A + B + C
T r a nsf o r m a t io n
Pr o c e ss
Output = Joules or grams
Emergy Based
Indicators.
ai
n
Su
n
(
ch W
R
ai
n em ind
(g
.
eo po
ph t .)
.P
ot
.)
Su
Ti
d
rfa
W e
ce
a
ru De ve
ni
ep s
n
(c h e
h
a
G em t
ro
.
un ...
d
w
at
e
To r
ps
pr
op
o
ag il
ul
N es
it
Ph rog
os en
p
Po ha
ta te
ss
Pe ium
st
Fo icid
ss es
il
G
fu
oo
e
E
ds
le ls
La an ct
bo d ric
r a Ma ity
nd ch
Se in.
rv
ic
es
R
Signature of
driving emergies
for 1 hectare of
corn in Florida
(Brandt-Williams,
2002)
Emergy per Ha per yr
[seJ/(Ha*yr)]
ai
n
Su
n
(c
W
h
in
ai
d
n em
.p
(g
eo
ot
ph . )
.P
ot
.)
T
Su
id
e
rfa
W
ce
a
ru De ves
ep
ni
n
(c he
a
h
G em t
ro
..
un . .
d
w
at
e
To r
ps
pr
op oi
ag l
ul
N es
it r
Ph oge
os n
p
Po hat
ta e
s
Fo siu
ss m
il f
G
ue
oo
ds Ele ls
La an ct r
ic
bo d
r a Ma ity
nd ch
Se in.
rv
ice
s
R
R
Emergy per Ha per yr
[seJ/(Ha*yr)]
2.50E+15
2.00E+15
1.50E+15
1.00E+15
5.00E+14
0.00E+00
Signature of driving
emergies for 1 hectare of
Florida mangrove
ecosystem (Brown and
Bardi, 2001)
Signatures
3.50E+15
3.00E+15
2.50E+15
2.00E+15
1.50E+15
1.00E+15
5.00E+14
0.00E+00
Openness, environmental
loading, density,...
F
Local Non r enewable
so urces
Purchased Resources
Serv ic es
N
Local
Renewable
Sources
Enviro nment al
Sy st e ms
R
Economic
Use
Yield (Y) = R+N+F
Emergy Yield Ratio = Y/F
Emergy Investment Ratio = F/(R+N)
Environmental Loading Ratio = (F+N)/R
Empow er Density = (R+N+F)/area
Y
Yie ld
Emergy and Money
3.48 E+24 seJ/yr (Italy, 2002)
1.44 E+12 $/yr
3.48 E+24 seJ/yr
----------------------1.44 E+12 $/yr
2.42 E+24 seJ/$
Wealth comes from resources, not from
money
Environmental - Economic Interface System
Structure of an emergy table
1
Note
2
Item
3
Data
4
Units
5
Emergy intensity
(sej/unit)
1.
2.
..
..
n.
6
Solar Emergy
(E+15 sej/yr)
First item
Second item
xx.x
xx.x
g or J/yr
g or J/yr
xxx.x
xxx.x
xxx.x
xxx.x
nth item
xx.x
g or J/yr
xxx.x
xxx.x
1
O.
Output
xx.xx
g or g/yr
xxx.x
 Em
n
Energy Systems Diagram of Italy
Emergy Evaluation of Italy 2002
Table 1. EMERGY FLOWS SUPPORTING THE SYSTEM OF ITALIAN SOCIETY IN THE YEAR 2002
#
Item
Unit
Amount
(unit/yr)
Solar
transformity
(sej/unit)
Ref.
for
Transf.
Solar
Emergy
(sej/yr)
(All flows are evaluated on a yearly basis. Numbers in the first column refer to calculation procedures in the Appendix)
Renewable inputs
1 Sunlight
J/yr
1.67E+21
1
[a]
1.67E+21
2 Wind (kinetic energy)
J/yr
2.65E+18
1500
[b]
3.97E+21
3 Waves (kinetic energy)
J/yr
2.91E+18
30550
[b]
8.89E+22
4 Tides (geopotential energy)
J/yr
3.65E+16
16842
[b]
6.15E+20
5 Earth cycle (thermal energy)
J/yr
9.04E+17
34377
[b]
3.11E+22
6 Rain (chemical potential energy)
J/yr
7.95E+17
18199
[b]
1.45E+22
7 Rain (geopotential energy)
J/yr
3.76E+17
10488
[b]
3.95E+21
Nonrenewable inputs from within the country
9 Oil
J/yr
2.26E+17
5.30E+04
[b]
1.20E+22
10 Coal
J/yr
0.00E+00
3.98E+04
[b]
0.00E+00
11 Natural Gas
J/yr
5.85E+17
5.22E+04
[i]
3.05E+22
12 Feldspar
g/yr
3.16E+12
1.00E+09
[b]
3.16E+21
13 Marl for cement
g/yr
1.36E+13
1.00E+09
[b]
1.36E+22
14 Potash, marine salts and salt rock
g/yr
3.34E+12
1.00E+09
[b]
3.34E+21
15 Pozzolan
g/yr
2.03E+10
1.00E+09
[b]
2.03E+19
16 Silica sand
g/yr
1.34E+12
1.00E+09
[b]
1.34E+21
17 Other sand and gravel
g/yr
1.91E+14
1.00E+09
[b]
1.91E+23
18 Marble in blocks
g/yr
5.70E+12
1.45E+09
[b]
8.27E+21
19 Granite
g/yr
2.13E+12
5.00E+08
[b]
1.06E+21
20 Sandstone
g/yr
7.87E+12
1.00E+09
[b]
7.87E+21
21 Limestone
g/yr
6.44E+13
1.00E+09
[b]
6.44E+22
22 Net loss of topsoil
J/yr
1.23E+17
62500
[c]
7.67E+21
Emergy Use within the country
1989
1984
1.21E+23
13%
3.57E+23
28%
3.00E+23
31%
5.37E+23
56%
1995
7.89E+23
62%
2002
1.21E+23
8%
4.78E+23
30%
1.01E+24
62%
1.21E+23
10%
1.21E+23
6%
3.48E+23
17%
1.64E+24
77%
Renewable sources used (sej/yr) (R)
Nonrenewable indigenous sources (sej/yr) (N)
Imported emergy (sej/yr) (F)
Break-down of Imports
1995
1989
3.48E+23
37%
3.53E+23
47%
3.60E+23
47%
5.08E+23
55%
3.72E+22
5%
4.04E+22
4%
6.00E+21
1%
2002
2000
3,74E+23
45%
3,79E+23
46%
4,04E+22
5%
3.55E+22
4%
4.13E+23
46%
3.03E+22
3%
3,55E+22
4%
4.45E+23
49%
1.76E+22
2%
fuels and electricity
non metallic minerals
metallic minerals
Imported goods (exc.fuels&miner.)
Tourism
Imports
Topsoil
Minerals
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Deep heat
Tide
Rain geopot
Rain, chem pot
Wind
Sunlight
Emergy (E+20 seJ/yr)
Emergy signature of Italy, 2002
1.40E+04
1.20E+04
1.00E+04
8.00E+03
6.00E+03
4.00E+03
2.00E+03
0.00E+00
Emergy Evaluation of Latvia, 2002
Note
Item
Raw amount
Unit
Transformi Solar
ty
Emergy
(E20
(sej/unit)
sej)
Economic
product of
emergy flow
(E5 Em$)
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
1 Sunlight
3.04E+20
J
2 Rain, chemical potential
2.62E+17
J
3 Rain, geopotential
1.37E+17
J
4 Wind, kinetic energy
3.67E+18
J
5 Waves
9.86E+16
J
6 Tide
1.03E+17
J
7 Earth Cycle
9.37E+16
J
NONRENEWABLE SOURCES FROM WITHIN
8 Coal
1.34E+15
J
9 Dolomite
2.19E+06
g
10 Clay
8.25E+07
g
11 Sand
3.26E+06
g
12 Gypsum
1.23E+06
g
13 Limestone
3.03E+08
g
14 Peat
1.11E+15
J
15 Top Soil
8.66E+14
J
1
30574
46828
2513
51324
28295
5.77E+04
3.04
80.22
64.24
92.27
50.62
29.06
54.09
680.70
17944.22
14369.84
20639.96
11322.76
6499.94
12099.56
6.72E+04
1.68E+09
1.68E+09
1.68E+09
1.68E+09
1.68E+09
1.68E+04
1.24E+05
0.90
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.19
1.08
201.37
0.01
0.31
0.01
0.00
1.14
41.55
240.92
19.66
100.59
8.90
19.23
24.32
4398.61
22502.55
1991.63
4301.91
5439.73
PRODUCTION SECTORS BASED ON INDIGENOUS RESOURCES
40
41
42
43
44
Hydroelectricity
Agricultural Production
Livestock Production
Fisheries Production
Fuelwood Production
7.09E+15
2.99E+16
2.65E+14
5.72E+14
7.74E+16
J
J
J
J
J
2.77E+05
3.36E+05
3.36E+06
3.36E+06
3.14E+04
Note
ImportsExports of
Latvia,
2002
Item
IMPORTS AND OUTSIDE
SOURCES
16 Oil derived products
17 Natural Gas
18 Coal
19 Metals
20 Food & agricultural products
21 Livestock, meat, fish
22 Plastics
23 Chemicals
24 Paper
25 Textiles
Mechanical & transport
26 equipment
27 Services in imports
28 Tourism
EXPORTS
29 Food & agricultural products
30 Livestock, meat, fish
31 Wood
32 Paper and paperboard
33 Textiles
34 Peat
35 Metals
36 Chemicals
Mechanical & transport
37 equipment
38 Plastics & rubber
39 Services in exports
Raw amount
Unit
Transformi Solar
ty
Emergy
(E20
(sej/unit)
sej)
Economic
product of
emergy flow
(E5 Em$)
5.71E+16
5.34E+16
1.85E+15
6.49E+11
1.83E+15
3.20E+14
9.98E+10
1.16E+11
1.39E+11
7.33E+09
J
J
J
g
J
J
J
g
g
g
1.11E+05
8.77E+04
6.69E+04
3.02E+09
3.36E+05
3.36E+06
1.11E+05
6.38E+08
6.38E+06
6.38E+06
63.33
46.83
1.24
19.61
6.15
10.76
0.00
0.74
0.01
0.00
14166.41
10476.97
277.31
4387.61
1376.87
2407.55
0.02
165.95
1.99
0.10
8.01E+10
7.08E+08
1.61E+08
g
$
$
1.13E+10
3.11E+12
3.11E+12
9.01
22.00
5.00
2016.11
4922.43
1119.37
2.43E+15
1.14E+14
4.83E+16
3.51E+10
1.42E+10
7.55E+14
6.78E+11
1.66E+10
J
J
J
g
g
J
g
g
3.36E+05
3.36E+06
5.86E+04
6.38E+08
6.38E+06
1.68E+04
1.68E+09
6.38E+08
8.18
3.84
28.29
0.22
0.00
0.13
11.40
0.11
1829.90
859.77
6328.63
50.10
0.20
28.37
2549.50
23.76
2.76E+10
4.94E+14
1.25E+09
g
J
$
1.13E+10
1.11E+05
4.47E+12
3.10
0.55
55.97
694.51
122.61
12520.00
Large dependence on:
a) local renewable
inputs
b) comparable
amounts of
imported fossil
fuels and
commodities
other than fuels.
100.00
90.00
80.00
Tourism
Imports
Topsoil
Oil
Natural gas
Peat
Wood
Fisheries
Deep heat
Tide
Rain geopot
Rain, chem p ot
20.00
10.00
0.00
Wind
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
Sunlight
Emergy (E+20 seJ/yr)
Emergy Signature of Latvia, 2002
800.00
600.00
400.00
Tourism
Imports
Topsoil
Oil
Natural gas
Wood
Fisheries
Deep heat
Tide
Rain geopot
200.00
0.00
Rain, chem pot
fossil fuels (local
and imported)
b) imports of goods
and commodities
other than fuels.
1200.00
1000.00
Wind
a)
1600.00
1400.00
Sunlight
Large dependence on:
Emergy (E+20 seJ/yr)
Emergy Signature of Denmark, 2002
Emergy-based terms of trade
Total money paid
Money from importing to
exporting country (€, $)
Commodities to importing country (g or J)
Emergy benefit to buyer =
Emergy of traded products
Emergy of money paid
Oil trade to Italy
Emergy Benefit to Purchaser...
Price= $ 55/barrel
$ 55
(6.9 E+09 J/bbl)(9.07 E+4 seJ/J)
($ 55/bbl)(2.42 E+12 seJ/$)
4.70
Emergy Evaluation of Trade
among countries, 2002
Latvia
2.42
4.47
1$
1$
4.47
1.89
2.42
Denmark
1$
1.89
Italy
Emergy evaluation of trade for selected products exchanged by Italy, Denmark and
Latvia in the year 2002.
Trade of
selected
products
Total
imports
(g)
Energy
Flow
(J)
Transformity
(seJ/unit)
ITALY's imports from Latvia and Denmark (2002)
Imports from Latvia
Wood
9.39E+09 1.42E+14
8.85E+04
Cereals (mainly wheat) 1.49E+10 3.12E+14
1.14E+05
Peat
4.92E+10 5.15E+14
1.87E+05
Imports from Denmark
Wood
7.50E+08 1.13E+13
2.30E+05
Cereals (mainly rice)
2.35E+06 4.91E+10
9.00E+04
Peat
7.61E+09 7.96E+13
1.87E+05
DENMARK's imports from Italy and Latvia (2002)
Imports from Italy
Pasta
2.20E+10 4.61E+14
4.00E+05
Wine and liquors
3.83E+10 1.34E+14
4.20E+05
Imports from Latvia
Textiles
8.70E+08 1.38E+13
3.25E+06
Plastics and rubber
8.25E+06 2.42E+11
1.33E+06
LATVIA's imports from Italy and Denmark (2002)
Imports from Italy
Pasta
3.79E+09 7.93E+13
4.00E+05
Wine and liquors
1.45E+09 5.09E+12
4.20E+05
Imports from Denmark
Textiles
1.15E+09 1.82E+13
3.25E+06
Iron and steel
5.42E+05
5.46E+09
Emergy of Monetary Emergy of
Emergy
product
value
money paid Exchange
(seJ)
(US $)
(seJ)
Ratio
1.25E+19
3.56E+19
9.63E+19
3.90E+06
2.49E+06
5.37E+06
9.44E+18
6.01E+18
1.30E+19
1.33
5.92
7.41
2.60E+18
4.42E+15
1.49E+19
1.51E+06
2.51E+03
1.64E+06
3.66E+18
6.06E+15
3.98E+18
0.71
0.73
3.74
1.84E+20
5.63E+19
1.83E+07
7.91E+07
3.36E+19
1.45E+20
5.49
0.39
4.48E+19
3.22E+17
1.71E+07
2.84E+05
3.14E+19
5.23E+17
1.43
0.61
3.17E+19
2.14E+18
2.17E+06
3.26E+06
9.69E+18
1.46E+19
3.27
0.15
5.90E+19
2.96E+15
1.24E+07
2.56E+03
5.56E+19
1.14E+16
1.06
0.26
Conclusions
1 ) Emergy should be used to help assessing and implementing fair trade
2) Prices of commodities are unlikely to reflect equity of trade.
3) Trade equity requires:
Very
difficult
Possible
Prices of primary resources exported to be much higher than the present ones
Raw materials to be processed into final products at home and final
product exported at higher price
Increased international cooperation for:
Desirable
Updated and reliable databases on resource exchange
Equitable Trade
Know how transfer,…etc…
Equity of International Resource Exchange
“Trade and projects that unbalance local economies…and increase
emergy inequity between countries, do not maximize the world economy,
because they leave major sectors of the world's population in poverty,
essentially outside the world economy. This pattern wastes resources
into luxury and excess of the developed countries, diverting resources
that used to go directly to population support (without payments)…
…This pattern is not sustainable, does
not maximize world wealth and emergy,
does not reinforce world production,
and will not last. These patterns will
become discredited as world opinion
changes, as revolutions occur, and
worldwide resource depletion soon cuts
off the largesse of the overdeveloped
countries."
(H.T. Odum, 1994)
Thanks you for your attention