Logic Circuit Design

Teacher 1 ： Wei-Ru Lai ( 賴薇如 ) [email protected]

Room: 70812 Telphone: 7330 Teacher 2 ： Yawgeng Chau( 趙耀庚老師 ) [email protected]

Text Book and Reference

 Textbook – M. Morris Mano and Michael D. Ciletti, Digital Design, 4th edition, Pearson Education.

 Reference book – Charles H. Roth, Jr., Fundamentals of Logic Design, 5th edition, West Publishing Co., 1992.

– A First Course in Digital System Design, An Integrated Approach, John P. Uyemura, Georgia Institute of Technology. Books/Cole Publishing Company

Course Time

 A 班 – Friday 7,8,9 (14:10 - 17:00)  B 班 – Tuesday 7,8,9 (14:10 - 17:00)  Classroom: 70205  Office Hour: Wednesday 13:10-14:30 70812R

Teacher Assistant (1/2)

 黃郁文 – Office: 70831 – Telephone: 7011 – 831 – [email protected]

 廖文豪 – Office: 70826 – Telephone: 7011 – 826 – [email protected]

Teacher

Assistant (2/2)

 陳之 彥 – Office: 70938 – Telephone: 7011 – 938 – [email protected]

Web Site

 IP address: 140.138.178.54 or pcs.eed.yzu.edu.tw

– Handout, old examination questions  Portal – Information, ex: Time and place of quiz – Handout, solution of homework – Discussion  It’s necessary to watch these web sites.

Course Structure

 Lectures with power points  Discussions  Chapter-Based Homework – Announced in the Web Portal – Solution will be given later.

 Exams  邏輯電路實驗 師 ) (A: 郭李瑞老師 ,B: 高翊展老

Evaluation

 賴薇如老師 50% – Class Show-Up (4%) – Tests (8%*3=24%) – Mid exam (22%)  趙耀庚老師 50% – Class Show-up (4%) – Text (8%*2=16%) – Final exam (30%)

Requirements for Class

 Take your textbook in class.

 Take notes in class.

 Ask questions if you don’t understand.

 Do your homework by yourself.

 Don’t chat in class.

Esteem your teachers, TAs and classmates.

Change Your Mindset (1/2)

 Adapt yourself to the new environments, new teachers, and new teaching methods.

 If you have any suggestion, tell me as soon as possible.

 Read the textbook written in English.  You should spend a lot of times in this course.

Change Your Mindset (2/2)

 用功 不是不缺席與寫作業而已，還包括 要預習、 複習、 不懂時要肯發問、 寫錯 答案要更正， 要學會有效率的學習 。  Find your favorite department.

 Try to achieve the basic requirements of our departments.

必修主科段考均應嚴格監考

 包括助教在內，要有兩人以上監考。  隨機排定考試座位表。  考生桌面只有紙筆等應考物品，手機書包等一律放教 室四周。  發完考卷後，強調將嚴格監考，發現考試作弊者將一 律依校規退學，並宣讀『誠實考試宣言』如下: 我 (考生簽名) ，秉持誠實考試之原則，在此宣告本次 XXX 考試，絕對遵守考試規則不作弊，否則願受最嚴 厲之校規處置(退學)！  在『考試座位表』及『誠實考試宣言』 簽名。

What is About This Course?

Logic Circuit Design

邏輯電路設計在課程中的定位

大一上 大一下 大二上 大二下 大三上 大三下 線性 代數 計算機 概論 程式 設計 數位系統設 計與實驗 邏輯電 路設計 微電腦 系統 微電腦 實驗 邏輯電 路實驗 電子學 VHDL 設計 嵌入式系 統原理及 實驗 資料 結構 大四上 大四下

Logic Circuit Design

 Digital electronic circuits are the engines of cell phones, MPEG players, digital cameras, computers, data servers, personal digital devices, GPS displays, and many other consumer products that process and use information in a digital format .

 Logic Circuit Design is an introductory course for the above industries.

Digital Computer

program data

Wireless Phone

       RF : Radio Frequency AD : Analog-to-Digital DA : Digital-to-Analog BB : Baseband DSP : Digital Signal Processing RAM : Random Access Memory ROM : Read Only Memory

Analog ( 類比 ) vs. Digital ( 數位 )

 Analog system – The physical quantities or signals may vary continuously over a specified range.

 Digital system – The physical quantities or signals can assume only discrete values.

0 1 2 3 3 0 3 2 3 2 0...

0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0...

Analog Signals (1/2)

 All nature signals are analog.

– Human voice, electromagnetic wave of handset, photograph, voice sent from handset, watercolor  It is intuitive to handle analog signals for storage, computation, and communication etc.

Analog Signals (2/2)

 Nature signals are all analog.

 Distortion( 失真 ): the wave is distorted due to attenuation or noise.

 If an analog signal is distorted, it is difficult to regenerate a original one .

source distorted data

Analog or Digital?

 The differences between analog systems and digital systems are the idea to view and process the data.

– Analog view: every amplitude is meaningful in every moment. Every qualify between 0-5V is meaningful.

– Digital view: only 0 & 1

Digital Signals

 Define a nature signal as 0 or 1.

 We can interpret, store, send/receive or perform some operations on 0 and 1.

0 1 0 1

volt 5 4 3 2 1 0 logic 1 Unknown logic 0

Digitalize （數位化）

 Binary system , only 0 &1!

 Try to transfer the nature signal to a series of 0s and 1s.

– Discrete elements of information are represented with groups of bits are called binary codes (i.e., a pattern of 0’s and 1’s). • Ex: 5 10 =0101 2 • Ex: A=0100 0001 (41H) – Therefore, binary system is enough.

Audio System

Analog data Digital data

Sampling ( 取樣 )

 To achieve some discrete values from the originally continuous signals is called as sampling.

 These discrete values are called discrete signal （離散信號） or samples （取樣點） .

 Sampling rate （取樣頻率） is the times to achieve discrete signals per second.

– Ex: If we get 8000 samples per second, the sampling rate is 8000Hz.

Quantization ( 量化 )

 If the length of 0/1 bit stream is finite, the number of amplitude quantities that can be represented by these bit streams （ referred to quantization level 量化準位） is finite.

 To find a relative level for each sample is called quantization （量化） .

 The distance between the sample and its quantization level is called quantization error （量化誤差） .

Coding ( 編碼 )

 Coding （編碼）： use a series of 0s and 1s to represent every quantization level.  Pulse Code Modulation （ PCM ） used in PSTN is 8-bit coding and 256 quantization level.

 The sampling rate is 8KHz. 64,000 bits are sent per second. That is, the data rate is 64,000bps.

Sampling Theorem ( 取樣定理 )

 Sampling Theorem （取樣定理） or Nyquist Theorem ： Sampling rate must be twice (or more) of the original data rates.  For example, the frequency of human voice is about 300-3400Hz. Then the sampling rate in PSTN is 8000Hz.

Advantages of Digital Signals

 It is easy to distinguish between 0 and 1 even though the digital signal is distorted.  Distorted digital signal can be regenerated .

 Special encoding schemes is used for error detection or error correction  Encryption can prevent from eavesdropping.

0101001 1 even parity

0 1 0 1

Accuracy

 Operation in analog systems: the error (i.e., distortion) will be accumulated. – Ex: to compute 6 mV *100=600 mV. – These is an error 0.1 mV. – Finally, 5.9mV *100=590 mV  Operation in digital systems: the error will not be accumulated.

– Ex: 110 2 *1100100 2 =100101100 2 – Digital systems are capable of greater accuracy.

More and More Digital Systems

 Programmable digital devices  Dramatic cost reductions  Reliability of data storage or communication by using error-correcting codes  The interconnection of smaller digital modules forms a larger system.

Digital System

 A digital system is an electronic network that manipulates discrete elements of information represented internally in – binary form .

Ex: answer machine, video game, CD  The work of digital systems 1.

Transfer analog signals to digital signals. 2.

3.

Perform operations by 0 and 1.

Transfer the results to analog signals.

Questions

 How to store 0 and 1 by physical devices?

 How to perform the operations of 0 and 1 by these physical devices? – Ex: How to do “1+1=10”?

– What is the basic physical devices? – What is the basic digital operation? – Answer: AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND and XOR logic gates.

Switching Devices (1/2)

 Two-state devices : the output can assume only two different discrete values.

– Example of switching devices: relays, diodes, transistors. Drain volt 5 On Gate Source Transistor 4 3 2 logic 1 Unknown 1 0 logic 0 Off

Switching Devices (2/2)

 Connecting several switching devices may perform operations of 0 and 1. That is, you have created a binary system.

 We can use binary system to represent the circuits made by switching devices.

NAND Gate A B F 0 0 +V 0 +V +V +V 0 +V +V +V 0

Circuit Design



Circuit design

involves specifying the interconnection of specific components such as resistors, diodes, and transistors to form logic gates, flip-flops, or other basic logic building blocks .

 To design Integrated circuit (IC)  Electronics, VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated circuits), Practicum of VLSI

Representation of AND, OR, XOR, and NOT Gates (1/2)

Representation of AND, OR, XOR, and NOT Gates (2/2)

Logic Design



Logic design

involves determining

how to

interconnect basic logic building blocks to perform a specific function .

– Basic block: logic gates, latches, flip-flops – Larger blocks: additions, registers, counters, multiplexers, CPLD, FPGA A B F 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

Half Adder (HA)

x y HA Sum Carry  x + y =

Sum

with a

Carry

–

Sum

= A XOR B –

Carry

= A AND B Half Adder um x y Carry Sum 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 arry

Full Adder (FA)

x y z FA Sum Carry

Binary Adder

D Flip-flop

S-R Latch

 To store 0 or 1.

 Use OR/NOT gates to construct a larger component!

S P S R L P Q A new block Q R

Storage

 Four-bit register

Binary Counter

 Four-bit synchronous binary counter 0000→0001→0010→ 0011→0100→0101→0 110→ … →1101 →1110→1111

Theory in the Logic Design

 “ Logic Design ” tells us the theory necessary for understanding the logic design process.

 Boolean algebra: the binary number system used in the logic design.

 Implement technologies of digital systems are improved fast. However, its background theory is never changed.

Combinational Circuits

 The output values depend only on the present value of the inputs and not on past values.

Sequential Circuits

 The outputs depend on the present value of the inputs and past input values.

 Basic memory elements: flip-flops feedback

Switching Circuits

 Both combinational circuits and sequential circuits are called as switching circuits.

 Computer Science, Practicum of Digital Circuit

System Design



System design

involves breaking the overall system into subsystems and specifying the characteristics of each subsystem .

•Subsystem of computer includes memory units, arithmetic units, input output units and control units.

Categories of Designs

 The design of digital systems may be divided roughly into three parts – Circuit design , Logic design , System design  Easy to design a digital system!

– Basic block  Small blocks  Large blocks  A large system  Microcomputer System ， Practicum of Microcomputer System, Digital System Design, Computer Architecture

Implement of Large Applications

 Some hardware realization technologies – Combination of logic gates and ICs – Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) – Application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)  ASIC are designed by using HDL – to write a behavioral model of the circuit’s functionality – then synthesizing that description into a hardware realization in a particular technology.

Hardware Description Language

 Hardware Description Language (HDL) – Verilog and VHDL – To simulate a digital system to verify its operation before hardware is built in – to automate the design process in conjunction with logic synthesis tools

VHDL – Binary Adder

Text Book Content (1/2)

  1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Contents Preface Digital Systems and Binary Numbers Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates Gate-Level Minimization Combinational Logic Synchronous Sequential Logic Registers and Counters

Text Book Content (2/2)

7.

8.

Memory and Programmable Logic Digital at the Register Transfer Level 9.

Asynchronous Sequential Logic 10.

Digital Integrated Circuits 11.

Laboratory Experiments with Standard ICs and FPGAs 12.

Standard Graphic Symbols  Answers to Selected Programs  Index

Conclusions

 This is an interesting course.

 Hope you like it.