Transcript Slide 1

Democratic Politics, Religious
Revival, and Reform 1824-1840
THE
RISE OF DEMOCRATIC POLITICS
THE BANK CONTROVERSY & THE 2ND
PARTY SYSTEM
THE RISE OF POPULAR RELIGION
THE AGE OF REFORM
chapter 10
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1.
2.
3.
4.
In what ways had American politics become
more democratic by 1840 than at the time of
Jefferson’s election in 1800
What factors explain Andrew Jackson’s
popularity?How did his policies contribute to
the rise of the Whig Party?
How did the Panic of 1837 and its aftermath
solidify the Democratic & Whig parties
What new assumptions about human nature
lay behind the religious and reform
movements of the period
chapter 10
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(Chapter 10)
First State Election in Michigan
THE RISE OF DEMOCRATIC POLITICS 1824-1840:
Democratic Ferment
Substitution
of poll tax for property
Written ballot replaced calling out loud
Appointive office more elective
War between Republicans & Federalists
Grand
Parties
barbecues to woo voters
relied on caucus
to
nominate candidates
Excluded women & disenfranchised free
blacks
(conference of party members)
chapter 10
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(Chapter 10) First State Election in
Michigan
This painting, the first of a frontier election,
depicts the voting in Detroit for Michigan's governor
in 1837. The voting took place in a large field near
city hall (the red building); there were no
neighborhood voting places. The Democratic
candidate and eventual winner, Stevens T. Mason,
is shown in the left center, dressed in a black top
hat and coat with gray pants and handing a
supporter a ballot with Mason's name on it, to be
deposited in the box in front of city hall. Behind
Mason a small African-American boy hands a piece
of paper, most likely another Mason ballot, to a
voter. Mason was accused of buying votes. Whether
or not he did, the universal practice of candidates
handing ballots directly to supporters invited fraud.
Clustered around Mason are Irish-born voters,
immigrants who had come to Detroit to work on
public projects. The artist portrays the Irish as
shabbily dressed. They seem indifferent to the
issues and perhaps not entirely sober.
The right side of the painting conveys a very
different impression. Here the citizens are welldressed and sober. A Mason banner with the
Jacksonian slogan "No Monopoly" flutters in the
wind, while figures that Detroiters would instantly
recognize as the city's leading Democrat and Whig
newspaper editors debate the issues.
1.
2.
In your view, what overall impression of
frontier elections was the artist trying to
convey? Was he suggesting that only men of
property debated the issues and that the rest
of the voters arrived at the polling place to
sell their votes? Would it be fair to say that
balloting was a much more public affair then
than now?
What does this painting suggest about
immigrant involvement in politics.
DEMOCRATIZATION: Election of 1824
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5.
Era of Good Feelings ended due to
sectional tensions
5 candidates: all Democratic-REpublican
J Q Adams: won but accused…
JC Calhoun: ran as VP instead
William Crawford: had a stroke
Henry Clay: gave support to Adams
A Jackson: lost
chapter 10
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DEMOCRATIZATION: J Q Adams as Pres.
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His mistakes: single termed pres.
1.
2.
proposed federal aid for internal
improvement: unconstitutional by strict
Jeffersonians
Proposed sending US delegates to Latin
America: angered southerners who
disliked black Haiti
chapter 10
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DEMOCRATIZATION: A Jackson rises
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Hot temper, a penchant for duels, fought
as a boy in the Revolution
Old hickory led new party (shape by V.
Buren’s vision) called the Democratic
Party
Dem. Party against Adams’ National
Republican (new name)
The 2nd American party system takes
shape
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Map
10.1:
The
Election
of 1828
DEMOCRATIZATION: The Election of 1828
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Mudslinging campaign: Jackson victor
Nat’l Republicans called Jackson
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Drunken gambler, adulterer, & murderer
Illiterate backwoodsman, the common man
The Dem. Party called Adams
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Wearing silk underwear, being rich, being
in debt, pimped his wife to the Tzar for
favors
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DEMOCRATIZATION: Jackson on office
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Spoils system: he removed officeholders
of rival party as response to anticorruption
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Opened gates to partisan appointments
Supported tariffs (South’s fury) and
internal improvements (not projects in
states)
Indian Removal Act 1830 made him popular
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DEMOCRATIZATION: nullification
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Tariff issue caused rift between Jackson
& J C Calhoun
Calhoun was a nationalist during 1812
but became states’ rights sectionalist by
1826
Vying for presidency by siding w/
southerners who hated tariffs
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DEMOCRATIZATION: nullification
 In “SC Exposition and Protest,” he argued
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Tariffs = unconstitutional ‘cause it doesn’t
benefit all states & states can nullify this law
Underlying fear: N. might pass law to end
slavery (Nat Turner in 1831, Garrison’s The
Liberator)
Jackson responded: Slightly lowered tariffs &
distributed revenue to states, but Calhoun
feared that would keep tariffs forever
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DEMOCRATIZATION: nullification
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1.
2.
3.
Jackson vs. Calhoun: overt friction
C’s wife & friends snubbed Eatons, who
were friends of J
J found out that C, as secretary of war
under Monroe, urged that J be punished
for his unauthorized raid in Spanish FL
J viewed nullification as abominable &
unconstitutional due to “single nation”
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DEMOCRATIZATION: nullification
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J signed the Compromise Tariff: gradual
lowering of tariffs but Force Bill allows
pres. To use arms to collect customs
SC rescinded its nullification tariff of
1828 & 1832
Henry Clay as architect of Compromise
& known as the Great Compromiser
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Jackson against bank’s director
Nicholas Biddle
chapter 10
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DEMOCRATIZATION: Bank Veto & Election of
1832
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J vetoed Bank of the US (vehicle for
privileges & corruption)
Bank: creditor of state banks, invoke
hostility be demanding redemption in
species; 35 M in revenue w/ private
citizens as stockholders, in Phila not DC
J ran w/ V Buren against H Clay (NR)
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J won & dismantled the Bank
chapter 10
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BANK CONTROVERSY & 2ND PARYT
SYSTEM, 1833-1840
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J’s banking policy: moved fed. deposits
to state banks. State
led to rise of the Whig Party
Stimulated popular interest in politics
Led to economic slump
J’s policy caused faction in his Dem
party: soft money vs. hard money (NY’
Locofocos “workies”
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supported Andrew Jackson and Van Buren
For free trade, greater circulation of specie, legal protections for labor unions
against paper money, financialchapter
speculation,
and state banks.
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Attack on Jackson’s bank policies: worthless
banknote, donkey, hickory leaf, Cunning
Reuben = anit-semitic?
chapter 10
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Political Parties
1st Party
System
• Federalist: GW, J Adams
• Democratic-REPUBLICAN: TJ, Mad, Mon
One Party
System
• Republican (moderate vs. Old Republican) J
Quincy Adams
2nd Party
System
• National Republican (Whig)
• Democrat (Tory): A. Jackson
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AP Planning
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nd
2
Nat’l Republican
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1.
2.
3.
Whig Democrat
South (base of Democratic turned
Whig)
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Party System
Unhappy w/ Jackson’s nullification
solution, bank removal, suspicion
for internal improvement
North turned to Whig due to
reformers
Whig committed to Clay’s
Amer. System
Gov’t should help in reform:
education, abolition,
temperance
Anti-Masonry
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Old Hickory led D. Party
Shaped by Van Buren
Ran against Q. Adam’s Nat’l
Republican
Tariff caused rift between
Jackson & Calhoun
Rift caused by soft vs. hard
money
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NY’s Locofocos
Calhoun = nationalist in 1812
but turned sectionalist by 1826
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chapter 10
Tory = Democr
Vying for presidency on states’
rights
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BANK CONTROVERSY & 2ND PARYT
SYSTEM, Election of 1836
1.
2.
Martin Van Buren “J’s favorite” won
Whig’s candidates: W. H. Harrison,
Daniel Webster, WP. Mangum, & Hugh
Lawson
chapter 10
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BANK CONTROVERSY & 2ND PARYT
SYSTEM,
Panic
of
1837
1.
Martin Van Buren came to office but then panic hit due to
over speculation (J’s removal policy)
Depression made poor receptive to William Miller (end of
the world imminent)
Int’l & domestic cause: J issued Specie Circular
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3.
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public lands must be paid in specie
caused banks to stop issuing notes that fueled boom =
Neck-breaking change that ended boom & caused panic of
1837
Britain limited outflow of its own species to US
Van Buren, as pres. = Divorce Bill = divorce gov’t from
banking = bad medicine
Independent Treasury Bill Passed in Congress 1840 but
Whigs repealed next year
chapter 10
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BANK CONTROVERSY & 2ND PARYT
SYSTEM, Election of 1840
1.
2.
Martin Van Buren lost to Whig’s Harrison
(67 yrs)
Democrats attacked Harrison as “Old
Granny” in log cabin sipping cider
1.
2.
Became potent campaign symbol
“rugged frontierman” Hero of Tippecanoe
chapter 10
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Map
10.2:
The
Election
of 1840
THE RISE OF POPULAR RELIGION: 2ND
The 2nd Great Awakening (CT 1790)
 Changes as popularity grew on frontier
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Methodist became successful in West
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Jerking, barking “frontier frenzy”
Became largest Protestant denomination
Prefered camp meetings; distained
settled ministry
Promoted law, order, and morality
chapter 10
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THE RISE OF POPULAR RELIGION: Eastern
Charles G. Finney, lawyer turned minister
“father of modern revivalism”
 He rejected Calvinism; asserted that
people can will out of sin: evangelical
 People could make themselves of what
they choose: “self-made”
 Recruited women
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THE RISE OF POPULAR RELIGION: Critics
Unitarians (critics): Jesus not fully divine
 Attracted wealthy and educated
 Called revivals as “uncouth emotional
exhibitions”
 Believed in character building through
emulation of Jesus rather than emotion
chapter 10
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THE RISE OF POPULAR RELIGION: Mormon
Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus
Christ of Later-Day Saints
 Claimed he discovered new revelation;
undermined authority of the Bible; called
himself 2nd Mohammad
 Sanctioned multiple wives
 Followers moved West
 Responded by poor and Indians
chapter 10
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THE RISE OF POPULAR RELIGION: Shaker
Founded by Mother Ann Lee (illiterate)
 Called the United Society of Believers in
christ’s Second Appearing
 “Shaker” derived fr. Convulsive ceremonial
dances
 Evils of sexual relations/ followers abstained
fr. Sex caused extinction
 Hostile to materialism (but great artisan);
God both male & female
chapter 10
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Map 10.3: Religious and Utopian
Communities, 1800–1845
THE AGE OF REFORMER : War on Liquor
Temperance (Lyman Beecher) due to
 Annual per capita consumption over 7
gallons
 Distilled from surplus grain
 Victim of alcohol abuse: women &
children
 Moral asuasion to legal prohibition
 Factory owners jumped on bandwagon
chapter 10
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(Chapter 10) Temperance Pledge
This engraving of a breadwinner about to
sign the pledge and join a temperance society
underscores several important features of the
movement. The engraving's publisher, identified at
the bottom, doubtless printed many copies,
intending them for sale to temperance societies and
eventual distribution to reformed drunkards, who
would hang them on their walls, just as one might
frame and hang a diploma. To make temperance
attractive, the engraver included a bountiful fount in
the background, which suggests water as a
cleansing and restorative alternative to alcohol. The
reformed drunkard's wife and child are pointing the
way to him. Although clergymen actively supported
the movement, the temperance officials on the left
clearly are not clergymen and the signing is not
occurring inside a church. This suggests that at a
time when drunkards were assumed to be male and
church membership was mainly female, tying
temperance to church attendance would have
slowed the movement.
The dress of the participants reveals much
about the movement. At first glance, the
breadwinner appears to be well dressed, but closer
inspection indicates that there is a tear in his coat at
his left elbow and a pants patch on his right knee.
His hair needs help. In contrast, his wife's coiffure
and dress suggest that she is a genteel lady, and
the impeccable and rather formal dress of the
temperance officials mark them of gentlemen of
property and standing in the community. Thus, one
may conclude that alcohol caused the gentleman
breadwinner to fall from grace.
1.
Why was the image of the family as a nest of
harmony and virtue becoming so attractive
during the antebellum period?
2.
Why were voluntary associations coming to
have such a potent appeal during the
antebellum period? What does the engraving
suggest about the social reasons that might
prompt someone to join a temperance
society?
(Chapter 10)
Temperance Pledge
THE RISE OF POPULAR RELIGION:School
 Saw schools in equipping children for
industrial societies
 Rural parents supported
 Horace Mann: financial burden from parents
to state
 Extended schools from a few months to 10
months
 Promote uniform cultural values and combat
ignorance
chapter 10
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THE RISE OF POPULAR RELEGION: abolition
American Colonization Society
 Little outrage against slavery;
 believed blacks as degraded race &
should be shipped to Africa
 Underestimated economic dependence
on slavery
Blacks were the main abolitionist at first
William L Garrison, Frederick Douglass
chapter 10
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THE RISE OF POPULAR RELEGION: abolition
 Used language of revivals to describe
slavery as sinful
 Not cohesive force; Some disdained politics
& excluded women
 Garrison embraced women in movement
 Tactic: Flood Congress w/ petitions
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Southerners issued gag rule to prevent
discussions of antislavery until JQ Adams led to
its repeal in 1845
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Distracted slavery chapter
issue10 to rights of free expression
THE RISE OF POPULAR RELEGION: Women
 Grimke sisters, abolitionists, pushed for
women’ts rights
 Quaker Lucrat Mot & Lucy Stone & Abby
Kelley
 Race and gender are unimportant
 Less impact than other reforms like
temperance & school, even abolition created
commotion
 Voted in 1920, 55 yrs. After the 13th
amendment
chapter 10
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THE RISE OF POPULAR RELEGION: Ayslums
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Efforts to combat poverty, crime, and
insanity
Penitentiary was created to substitute for
parental discipline; solitary confinement
Poor: from outdoor relief to indoor by
belief in remove them fr. Their
environment
chapter 10
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THE RISE OF POPULAR RELEGION:Utopian
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Robert Owen: pure environment shape
people, cooperation better than
competition
Experimental communities
Ralph Waldo Emerson was utopian but
Oneida community in NY practiced
communism (also in marriage)
Extreme form of idealism
chapter 10
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Name Change
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Federalist vs.

J Adams

Democratic-Republican

TJ, J Madison, J Monroe
Democrat vs. National Republican
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Jackson vs. J Q Adams*
Jackson * vs. H Clay
Democrat vs. Whig (was Nat’l Republican)
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M Van Buren* vs. D Webster, Harrison, Mangum, Lawson
M V Buren vs. Harrison* (J Tyler)
Democrat vs. Republican (was Whig)
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James Polk: D
Z Taylor: W
Millard Fillmore: W
F Pierce: D
James Buchanan: D
A. Lincoln: W (Andrew Johnson: D)
U. Grant: R
R. Hayes: R
Garfield: R