Transcript Fuel Bioethanol Fermentation

Biofuels: LCA and the CDM
- how you make it matters QUEST Workshop – Sustainable Forestry & Climate
Mitigation
Bristol University
25th and 26th July 2005
Dr Jeremy Woods (ICEPT) & Gareth Brown (Themba Technology Ltd.)
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 7315
Overview
• Background: policy and science
– context: UK Transport Sector
• System Boundaries
– ~ baselines
• Coping with uncertainty
– Whole Chain
– Farm GHG emissions & Energy inputs
• Conclusions
– Next steps?
21-Jul-05
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Key References:
• UK-LCVP Consensus report (Rickeard et al, 2004:
– ExxonMobil / British Sugar / Imperial College / North
Energy / CONCAWE/JRC rpt
• RTFs: Woods & Bauen (2003) and Mortimer et al
(2003, 2004)…
• CSL Energy Crop – environmental footprint. (Turley et
al, 2005)
• UK Transport Emissions Projections: DTI – Energy
Paper 68 (in DfT, 2003)
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UK Transport Sector Emissions Projections
- High Energy Prices
UK Emissions Projections: 1990 to 2020
'CH' Scenarion (Central GDP, High Energy Prices)
60
Road Transport
50
Power Stations
Refineries
40
MtC
Residential
Services
30
Industry
Road Transport
20
Off-road
Other transport
10
0
1990
1995
Source: UK DTI. Energy Paper E98. 2002
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2000
2005
2010
2015
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2020
4
Transport Emissions- Relentless
Rise?
UK Emissions Share by Sector: 1990
UK Emissions Share by Sector: 2010
2%
2%
29.8 MtC
Power Stations
1%
36.9 MtC
19%
1%
25%
35%
Refineries
25%
Residential
Services
Industry
4%
Road Transport
Off-road
Other transport
22%
3%
15%
21%
5%
13%
Total: 159.3 MtC
7%
Total: 148.6 MtC
20% reduction from 1990 would imply 2010 transport sector emissions of 24 MtC
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Overview
• Background: policy and science
– context: UK Transport Sector
• System Boundaries
– ~ baselines
• Coping with uncertainty
– Whole Chain
– Farm GHG emissions & Energy inputs
• Conclusions
– Next steps?
21-Jul-05
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6
Scope
• Based on Life-cycle environmental impacts
of wheat fermentation-based ethanol
production and use in the UK.
• Base LCA ethanol production parameters on
Rickeard et al. (2005),
– Draw-up system models and derive system
boundaries for the evaluation
– Evaluate the potential GHG and energy inputs
•
Work started in September 2004
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ATMOSPHERIC CO2
Leakage?
End Use
e.g. combustion in vehicles
CO2-Capture by Photosynthesis
e.g. Crop Growth
CO2
Gas Markets
Carbon Capture &
Sequestration
Ethanol
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Rape Biodiesel Process Flow Chart
15% moisture
1.2 GJ
X% moisture
X MJ
X MJ
0.51 GJ energy inputs
Straw
267 m2 land required
Rape Meal
85.5 kg raw harvested rape seed
Glycerine
per GJ biodiesel
83.8 kg
Cultivation: 0.0267 ha
53.5 kg
Key Parameters
2.5 kg
0.00015 kg seed
Transport, Drying & Storage
80.2 kg dried rape seed
1.00 GJ energy outputs
Energy Ratio = 1.96
Includes co-product
credits
28 kg CO2 emissions
Extraction
26.6 kg crude rape oil
Refining
45 kg GHG emissions
£ 32.6 per GJ RME
£26.75 / GJRME incl. Coproducts
26.0 kg refined rape oil
Esterification
1GJ biodiesel (24.7 kg)
Delivery to Vehicle
Based on Mortimer et al. 2002
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Assurance Pyramid
MEASUREMENTS
Indicators
Criteria
Locally Applied Standard
International Standard
Principles
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Adapted from: Jim Smith, BSI Professional Standards Services (his presentation to LCVP on 18Feb05)
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Dealing with Uncertainty
• N2O emissions from agriculture
• CH4 emissions from agriculture
• Land-use change:
– Changes in Biomass Stock (deforestation)
– Changes in soil carbon (e.g. grassland)
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Land-use change: deforestation
‘… where deforestation has occurred, one-off emissions in
the range of 200 to 1000 t CO2 /hectare associated with
the combustion and/or rapid decomposition of aboveground biomass[1] will negate any GHG benefits from the
production of biofuels for a period of at least 50 years.’
[1] IPCC Good Practice Guidelines for Land Use, Land Use Change
and Forestry, 2000, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
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Land-use change: UK agriculture
‘… According to DETR (1997), soils in England, Wales and Scotland
contain some 21.78 billion tonnes of carbon, of which 16.4 GtC is in
Scottish peat uplands[1], leaving 5.4BtC (19.8 Gt CO2) in the soil of
the remaining UK land where agriculture is the primary land use.
Most of this is contained in grasslands. Arable soils in the UK
contain 592 MtC (2.17GtCO2; Smith et al).’
According to Edwards,R. (JRC, 2004):
‘Grassland has 49 to 54 tonnes/ha higher soil C (180 to 198
tCO2/ha) content than a wheat-field with straw ploughed
back.’
[1] Soil Assoc. (2005) quoting: Indicators of Sustainable Development in the UK,
DETR, 1997.
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N2O & CH4 emissions
‘Variability arises from the dependence on the processes
that form them, such as denitrification and nitrification and
anaerobic decay, on the prevailing physical, climatic and
environmental conditions. In the case of nitrous oxide,
emissions are also dependant upon the amount of N
fertiliser addition to the land[1]’
[1] ‘IPCC Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001’,
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001.
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N2O emissions
FERTILIZED wheat grass/
WHEAT GRASSLAND grass
wheat
4.361
1.566
2.795
0.36
3.190
1.540
1.650
0.48
5.707
1.591
4.116
0.28
JRC - UK FIGURES
Best estimate kg N2O per ha per year
min (80% confidence)
max
CSL (Turley,D.) quoting:
Smith et al. 1998
Russer et al.
Winter Wheat
Spring Barley Potatoes Grazed Grassland
Cut Grassland
kg N2O/ha.yr
0.30
0.80
1.35
1.90
8.00
1.50
Wheat
Maize
3.64
Potatoes Set-aside; unfert perennial grasses
2.41
6.93
0.29
Note:
L. Brown et. al. Atmospheric Environment 36 (2002) 917-928] confirms
modelling at JRC, that the N2O release during fallow setaside amounts to
about 30% of the release from wheat farming. However, their N2O release
figures for wheat in UK is about 1.3 kgN2O/ha.yr, compared with 4.36 from
the rather similar JRC
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3.00
On Farm GHG Emissions
•
N2O emissions set at JRC/LCVP levels:
• No Straw Removal: 4.36 kg N2O/ha.yr
• With Straw Removal: 5.96 kg N2O/ha.yr
kgCO2eq/ha - No straw removal
11%
kgCO2eq/ha - With straw removal
11%
1%
1%
2%
1%
Diesel for Cultivation
K fertiliser
41%
P fertiliser
40%
K fertiliser
41%
P fertiliser
N fertiliser
N fertiliser
Pesticides
Pesticides
Seed Material
40%
N2O emissions
5%
Total On Farm GHG emissions:
3119 kgCO2eq/ha.yr
Seed Material
N2O emissions
4%
1%
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Diesel for Cultivation
1%
Total On Farm GHG emissions:
4207 kgCO2eq/ha.yr
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On Farm GHG Emissions
•
N2O emissions set at:
• JRC/LCVP: 4.36 kg N2O/ha.yr
• Brown et al.: 1.30 kg N2O/ha.yr
kgCO2eq/ha - No straw removal
11%
kgCO2eq/ha - No straw removal
1%
1%
41%
40%
17%
16%
Diesel for Cultivation
1%
Diesel for Cultivation
K fertiliser
1%
K fertiliser
P fertiliser
7%
P fertiliser
N fertiliser
1%
N fertiliser
Pesticides
Pesticides
Seed Material
Seed Material
N2O emissions
N2O emissions
5%
57%
1%
Total On Farm GHG emissions:
3119 kgCO2eq/ha.yr
21-Jul-05
Total On Farm GHG emissions:
2214 kgCO2eq/ha.yr
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Farm level calculation tool: inputs
Wheat production inputs
LCVP Reference
Values
Case
Diesel for cultivation
Consumption
Agrochemicals and fertilizers
Usage
K fertilizer (as K)
P fertilizer (as P)
N fertilizer (as N)
Pesticides (as active ingredient)
Seed material
N2O Emissions
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litres/ha
Straw
ploughed
back
All straw
removed
140.5
140
170
46
41
185
2
185
4.36
46
41
185
4.37
185
4.36
164
53
253
5
185
5.96
kg/ha
kg/ha
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Farm level calculation tool: outputs
Straw ploughed back
Diesel for Cultivation
K fertiliser
P fertiliser
N fertiliser
Pesticides
Seed Material
N2O emissions
Total Farm
Rest of Chain
% Total Chain
21-Jul-05
Gp/ha
Kg CO2eq/ha
4.730
356.6
0.428
21.0
0.648
29.1
7.511
1238.0
1.198
23.6
2.498
160.4
1290.6
17
3119
50.466
3024.4
25%
51%
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All straw removed
Gp/ha
Kg CO2eq/ha
6.071
450.2
1.523
74.8
0.842
37.8
10.271
1693.0
1.371
27.0
2.498
160.4
1764.2
23
4207
52.563
411.0
30%
91%
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Overview
• Background: scientific basis for action
• Scope of the study
– System boundaries
• Key study findings
– GHG and Energy Balances
– Carbon saving costs for sequestration
• Conclusions & realism
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Potential Impacts for Ethanol-based CO2 Capture
ENERGY BASIS
E100 Without BECS*
Energy Supply Model for fermentation &
distillation plant
GHG Emissions
GHG Emissions
WTT***
Kg CO2eq / GJ
EtOH
Natural Gas Boiler + Heat Recovery
Straw + Boiler
E100 With BECS
2 MJ per km (WTW***)
g CO2eq / km
26.3
22.9
WTT***
Kg CO2eq / GJ EtOH
% of petrol
53
27.4%
-1.77
46
-5.1
23.8%
E85 Without BECS
Natural Gas Boiler + Heat Recovery
Straw + Boiler
26.3
22.9
78
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Car Performance Indicators
35.00 MPG
9.25 M/lpetrol
0.067 lpetrol/km
2.215 MJ/km
160 gCO2 per km
192 gCO2eq per km
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40.00
10.57
0.059
1.938
140
168
165
165
MPG
M/lpetrol
lpetrol/km
MJ/km
gCO2 per km
gCO2eq per km
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-2.1%
-6.1%
-4
-10
E85 With BECS
40.9%
38.1%
-1.77
-5.1
E10 Without BECS
Natural Gas Boiler + Heat Recovery
26.3
22.9
Straw + Boiler
Notes:
* - BECS (BioEnergy with Carbon Sequestration)
** - 2 MJ per km = 39 MPG petrol
*** - WTT 'Well (or field) to Tank' - WTW 'Well (or field) to Wheel'.
2 MJ per km (WTW***)
g CO2eq /
km
% of petrol
-2.1%
-6.1%
-4
-10
E85 With BECS
86.1%
85.9%
-1.77
-5.1
2.000
38.76
10.24
0.061
144
173
-2.1%
-6.1%
-4
-10
MJ/km
MPG
M/lpetrol
lpetrol/km
gCO2 per km
gCO2eq per km
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Policy Options
• Government-based
– E.g. UK RTFO
• International
– E.g. International BioEnergy Programme (IBEP)
• Assurance and Certification
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UK – RTFO (Possible Mechanism
Overview)
15/04/2004
UK BIOFUEL OBLIGATION MODEL
Obligation
Pump Effect PPl
£0.057
UK Producer
Obligation
Fund
£27.2
Millions
Agricultural Inputs
Existing Crop Balance (000te)
Exports
Wheat
Rape
3404
179
Bio Diesel
1438
68
m litres
m litres
Ethanol
UK "Transport Fuel Pool"
Market
Mil Litres
Gasoline
27519
Diesel
20150
Duty
£0.49
Premium
£0.10
273 M Lit
Biofuel Supply
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
Set Aside
0.5M Ha
£0.38
£0.38
TaxOffice
Obligation
1.0%
545 M Lit
Duty Rebate
£0.20
Importer
£0.26
£0.31
Energy
Equivalence
Wheat
2000
Ethanol
m litres
845
Buyout Price
£0.10
Rape
875
Bio Diesel
331
£0.12
£0.16
Comparitive Cost of meeting Obligation
Product
Gasoline
Imports-E
UK Ethanol
Import Value
£0.06
-£0.19
UK
Germany
each
(000te)
or
0.5M Ha
Unused
Refiner
Gasoline
Diesel
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
plus
Duty "Cost"
£109
(£M)
Diesel
Imports-BD
UK Biodiesel
Product Duty
Obligation
£0.12
£0.49
0.10
£0.26
£0.29
0.10
£0.38
£0.29
-0.10
£0.16
£0.31
£0.38
£0.49
£0.29
£0.29
0.10
0.10
-0.10
Total
£0.71
£0.65
£0.57
£0.75
£0.70
£0.57
0.8
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Resources
Soil protection
Benefits
Conversion & Products
Export & Competition
Biomass
Carbon seqestration
Access to
affordable energy
Employment
Economic
development
Innovation
Watershed management
Industry
Administration
Farmers associations
Actors
End-use
Carbon substitution
Industry
SME
NGOs
Land-use administration
International Organisations
Farm workers, Landless
Agriculture/Forestry
Administration
Energy transmission,
transportation & sale
Science
Environment
Administration
Energy
Administration
Households
Land Competition
Development costs
Costs
Pesticide & Nutrient Leaching
Soil Degradation
Source: International Bioenergy Programme- 2005; Jurgens, I. (FAO)
Transaction costs
Non-CO2
emissions
Indoor air
pollution
International BioEnergy Programme
(I-BEP)
Information
i-BIS Portal
Partnerships
Task 1
Task 4
Task 6
BioEnergy Action
Through International Consensus:
Building
National and Regional
Biomass Task Forces
Pillar I
Bioenergy
Information
System
Potentials
Sustainability
Task 2
Task 3
Pillar II
Mobilising
Bioenergy
Capacity &
Stakeholders
Task 5
FAOBioenergy
Task 7
Wood Energy
Agro Energy
Co-Products
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Conclusions
• Uncertainty dominates?
• Biomass is not carbon neutral
– Particularly biofuels
• Co-product allocation / poly-generation
– How to allocate GHG emissions between multiple
outputs?
• Highly heterogeneous variables e.g. N2O
• Can remote sensing and better GIS succeed?
– What resolution?
• Is Assurance and Certification THE answer?
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Conclusions – Final
• Implications for CDM?
• Future technologies – e.g. lignocellulosics
– Do we need them?
• What can QUEST do?
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I THANK YOU!
China-
17 September 2004
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