Transcript Document

Operational Level
Lesson 1 Presentation
Hazardous Materials for
First Responders, 3rd Ed.
Operational-Level
Training Requirements
• Awareness-Level competencies of NFPA 472
• Operational-Level competencies of NFPA 472
• Additional training as required by DOT, EPA,
and OSHA requirements
• Local and state/provincial occupational health
and safety requirements
Operational Level
1–2
Primary Responsibilities
• Identifying the hazardous material(s) involved
in an incident if possible
• Analyzing an incident to determine the nature
and extent of the problem
• Protecting first responders, nearby persons, the
environment, and property from the effects of a
release
(1 of 2)
Operational Level
1–3
Primary Responsibilities
• Developing a defensive plan of action to
address the problems presented by the incident
• Implementing the planned response to control a
release from a safe distance and keep it from
spreading
• Evaluating the progress of the actions taken to
ensure that response objectives are safely met
(2 of 2)
Operational Level
1–4
Emergency Response
Centers
• Look in the current Emergency Response
Guidebook (ERG) to find phone numbers
Operational Level
1–5
Information to be Furnished
to an Emergency Response Center
• Your name, callback phone number, and FAX
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•
•
•
number
Location and nature of problem (spill, fire, etc.)
Name and identification number of material(s)
involved
Shipper/consignee/point of origin
Carrier name, railcar, or truck number
(1 of 2)
Operational Level
1–6
Information to be Furnished
to an Emergency Response Center
• Container type and size
• Quantity of material transported/released
• Local conditions (weather, terrain, proximity to
schools, hospitals, waterways, etc.)
• Injuries and exposures
• Local emergency services that have been
notified
(2 of 2)
Operational Level
1–7
Assistance Provided by
Emergency Response Centers
• Confirming that a chemical emergency exists
• Recording details in writing and on tape
• Providing immediate technical assistance to the
caller
• Contacting the shipper of the material or other
experts
• Providing the shipper/manufacturer with the
caller’s name and callback number so that the
shipper/manufacturer can deal directly with the
party involved
Operational Level
1–8
Properties of
Hazardous Materials
• Solid — Substance that has both a specific
shape (without a container) and volume
• Liquid — Fluid that has no independent shape
but has a specific volume; flows according to
laws of gravity
• Gas — Fluid that has neither independent
shape nor volume and tends to expand
indefinitely
Operational Level
1–9
(1 of 13)
Properties of
Hazardous Materials
Operational Level
1–10
Properties of
Hazardous Materials
• Flash point — Minimum temperature at which a
liquid or volatile solid gives off sufficient vapors
to form an ignitable mixture with air near its
surface
• Fire point — Temperature at which enough
vapors are given off to support continuous
burning
(3 of 13)
Operational Level
1–11
Properties of
Hazardous Materials
• Autoignition temperature/point — Minimum
temperature at which the fuel in air must be
heated to initiate self-sustained combustion
without initiation from an independent ignition
source
• Flammable, explosive, or combustible range —
The percentage of the gas or vapor
concentration in air that will burn or explode if
ignited
(4 of 13)
Operational Level
1–12
Properties of
Hazardous Materials
• LEL/LFL (Lower explosive limit/Lower
flammable limit) — The lowest concentration
that will produce a flash of fire when an ignition
source is present
• UEL/UFL (Upper explosive limit/Upper
flammable limit) — The highest concentration
that will produce a flash of fire when an ignition
source is present
(5 of 13)
Operational Level
1–13
Properties of
Hazardous Materials
• Vapor pressure — Pressure exerted by a
saturated vapor above its own liquid in a closed
container
– Expressed in psi, kPa, mmHg, or atm
– The higher a substance’s temperature, the higher
the vapor pressure
– Vapor pressures reported on MSDSs are usually
very low
– The lower a substance’s boiling point, the higher
its vapor pressure
(6 of 13)
Operational Level
1–14
Properties of
Hazardous Materials
• Atmospheric pressure — Force exerted by
weight of the atmosphere at the earth’s surface
• Boiling point — Temperature at which the vapor
pressure of a liquid is equal to or greater than
atmospheric pressure
– Expressed in degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius at
sea level air pressure
(7 of 13)
Operational Level
1–15
Properties of
Hazardous Materials
• BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor
Explosion) — Occurs when a liquid within a
container is heated, causing the material inside
to boil or vaporize beyond the vessel’s ability to
relieve the excess pressure
• Melting point — Temperature at which a solid
substance changes to a liquid state at normal
atmospheric pressure
(8 of 13)
Operational Level
1–16
Properties of
Hazardous Materials
• Freezing point — The temperature at which a
liquid becomes a solid at normal atmospheric
pressure
• Sublime — To change directly from a solid into
a gas without going into a liquid state in
between
• Vapor density — Weight of a given volume of
pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an
equal volume of dry air at the same
temperature and volume
(9 of 13)
Operational Level
1–17
Properties of
Hazardous Materials
• Solubility — The percentage of a material (by weight) that will
dissolve in water at ambient temperature
– Non-water-soluble liquids remain separate when
combined with water; water-soluble liquids mix easily
when combined with water.
– Water-soluble agents usually cause upper respiratory
tract infection, quickly resulting in coughing and throat
irritation.
– Partially water-soluble agents penetrate into the lower
respiratory systems causing delayed symptoms that
include breathing difficulties, pulmonary edema, and
coughing up blood.
(10 of 13)
Operational Level
1–18
Properties of
Hazardous Materials
• Miscibility/immiscibility — The degree or
readiness with which two or more gases or
liquids are able to mix with or dissolve into each
other
– Miscible — Liquids that dissolve into each other
– Immiscible — Liquids that do not readily dissolve
into each other
• Specific gravity — Ratio of the density
(heaviness) of a material to the density of some
standard material at standard conditions of
(11 of 13)
pressure and temperature
Operational Level
1–19
Properties of
Hazardous Materials
• Reactivity — A substance’s relative ability to
undergo a chemical reaction with another
material
– Substances referred to as “reactive” commonly
react violently with air, water, heat, light, each
other, or other materials
(12 of 13)
Operational Level
1–20
Reactivity Triangle
• The reactivity triangle explains the basic
components of many chemical reactions.
– Oxidizing agent (oxygen)
– Reducing agent (fuel)
– Activation energy source (often heat)
Operational Level
1–21
Properties of
Hazardous Materials
• Polymerization — Chemical reaction in which a
catalyst causes simple molecules to combine to
form long chain molecules
• Inhibitors — Materials that are added to
products that easily polymerize in order to
control or prevent an undesired reaction
(13 of 13)
Operational Level
1–22
NFA Categories of
Hazardous Materials Hazards
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Thermal
Radiological
Asphyxiation
Chemical
Etiological
Mechanical
Psychological
Operational Level
1–23
Types of Radiation
• Alpha particles
• Beta particles
• Gamma rays
• X-rays
• Neutrons
Operational Level
1–24
Alpha Particles
• Are positively charged particles that lose
energy rapidly in matter and do not penetrate
very far
• Are commonly emitted in the radioactive decay
of the heaviest radioactive elements such as
uranium and radium as well as by some
manmade elements
• Are usually completely absorbed by dead outer
layer of human skin and so are not a hazard
outside the body
(1 of 2)
Operational Level
1–25
Alpha Particles
• Can be very harmful if the material emitting the
alpha particles are ingested or inhaled
• Can be stopped completely by a sheet of paper
(2 of 2)
Operational Level
1–26
Beta Particles
• Are fast-moving positively or negatively
charged electrons
• Are emitted from manmade and natural
sources such as tritium, carbon-14, and
strontium-90
• Are more penetrating but less damaging than
alpha particles over equally traveled distances
(1 of 2)
Operational Level
1–27
Beta Particles
• Are capable of penetrating the skin and causing
radiation damage, but are more hazardous
when inhaled or ingested
• Can be reduced or stopped by a layer of
clothing or a few millimeters of a substance
such as aluminum
(2 of 2)
Operational Level
1–28
Gamma Rays
• Are high-energy photons
• Often accompany alpha or beta particle
emissions
• Have no charge but are very penetrating, easily
passing through the human body and being
absorbed by tissue
(1 of 2)
Operational Level
1–29
Gamma Rays
• Require several feet (meters) of concrete or a
few inches (millimeters) of lead to stop the
more energetic gamma rays
• Can easily penetrate standard fire-fighting
clothing, which provides no protection from
gamma rays
(2 of 2)
Operational Level
1–30
X-Rays
• Are high-energy photons produced by the
interaction of charged particles with matter
• Have essentially the same properties as
gamma rays but differ in origin (originate
outside the nucleus while gamma rays originate
inside the nucleus)
• Are the single-largest source of manmade
radiation exposure
Operational Level
1–31
(1 of 2)
X-Rays
• Are generally lower in energy and thus less
penetrating than gamma rays
• Can be stopped with a few millimeters of lead
(medical X-rays)
(2 of 2)
Operational Level
1–32
Neutrons
• Are ultrahigh energy particles that have a
physical mass like alpha radiation but no
electrical charge
• Are highly penetrating
• Are produced along with gamma radiation from
fission reactions
(1 of 2)
Operational Level
1–33
Neutrons
• Are not a type of radiation commonly used in
commercial or industrial operations
• Are most likely encountered in research
laboratories
• Cause the release of secondary radiation and
thus are a health hazard
(2 of 2)
Operational Level
1–34
Radiation Exposure
• Occurs when radioactive particles or rays enter
the body through one or more routes of entry
such as inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, or
penetration
Operational Level
1–35
Radiation Contamination
• Occurs when radioactive material is deposited
on surfaces, skin, clothing, or any place where
it is not desired
– External — Radioactive material is on the skin or
clothing.
– Internal — Radioactive material is breathed in,
swallowed, or absorbed through wounds.
– Environmental — Radioactive material is spread
about or unconfined in the environment thus
presenting another potential source for external
exposure
Operational Level
1–36
Routes of Entry
• Inhalation
• Ingestion
• Skin contact
Operational Level
1–37
Radiation Protection Strategies
• Time — The amount of radiation exposure
increases or decreases according to the time
spent near the source of radiation.
• Distance — Farther distances equal smaller
doses.
• Shielding — Certain materials prevent
penetration of some of the radioactive particles.
Operational Level
1–38
Factors to Consider
Regarding Radiation Protection
Time
Shielding
Distance
Operational Level
1–39
CAUTION!
• Wearing personal protective equipment
(including self-contained breathing apparatus)
generally protects emergency response
personnel from external and internal
contaminates. It does not protect against
exposure to gamma rays.
Operational Level
1–40
Asphyxiation Terms
• Asphyxiants — Substances that affect the
oxygenation of the body and generally lead to
suffocation
• Simple asphyxiants — Gases that displace the
oxygen necessary for breathing
• Chemical asphyxiants — Substances that
prohibit the body from using oxygen
Operational Level
1–41
Routes by Which People can be
Exposed to Hazardous Materials
• Inhalation
• Ingestion
• Skin contact
Operational Level
1–42
Toxin Categories and
Associated Medical Conditions
• Asphyxiants — Suffocation
• Carcinogens — Cancer
• Corrosives — Irreversible destruction or
alteration of contacted tissue
• Irritants — Reversible inflammation of
contacted tissue
• Hemotoxins — Cyanosis, loss of
consciousness, death
• Sensitizers — Allergic reaction
Operational Level
1–43
(1 of 2)
Toxin Categories and
Associated Medical Conditions
• Hepatoxins — Liver damage
• Nephrotoxins — Kidney damage
• Reproductive toxins — Fetal defects, birth
defects, sterility
• Cutaneous hazards — Defatting of skin,
rashes, skin irritation
• Eye hazards — Conjunctivitis, corneal damage,
visual impairment, blindness
(2 of 2)
Operational Level
1–44
Toxicity Terms
• Lethal dose (LD) — Minimum amount of solid
or liquid that when ingested, absorbed, or
injected through the skin will kill
• Median lethal dose (LD50) — Statistically
derived single dose of a substance that can be
expected to cause death in 50 percent of
animals when administered by the oral route
• Lethal dose low (LDLO or LDL) — Lowest
administered dose of a material capable of
killing a specified test species
(1 of 2)
Operational Level
1–45
Toxicity Terms
• Lethal concentration (LC) — Minimum
concentration of an inhaled substance in the
gaseous state that will be fatal to the test group
• Lethal concentration low (LCLO or LCL) — Lowest
concentration of a gas or vapor capable of killing a
specified species over a specified time
• ID50 — Dose that incapacitates 50 percent of the
population of interest
• ID10 — Dose that incapacitates 10 percent of the
population of interest
(2 of 2)
Operational Level
1–46
Chemical Effects
• Irritants — Toxins that cause temporary but
sometimes severe inflammation to the eyes,
skin, or respiratory system
– Upper irritant — Affects respiratory tract above the
voice box
– Lower irritant — Affects respiratory tract below the
voice box, including the lungs
• Convulsants — Toxic materials that can cause
convulsions (involuntary muscle contractions)
(1 of 3)
Operational Level
1–47
Chemical Effects
• Corrosives — Chemicals that destroy or burn
living tissues and have destructive hazards
– Acid — Any chemical that ionizes to yield
hydrogen ions in water; has pH value of 0 to 6
– Base — Any water-soluble compound that breaks
apart in water to form a negatively charged
hydroxide ion; has pH value of 8 to 14
– Can be toxic, flammable, reactive, and/or
explosive
• Carcinogens — Cancer-causing agents
Operational Level
1–48
(2 of 3)
Chemical Effects
• Mutagens — Substances or agents that are
capable of altering the genetic material in a living
cell
• Teratogens — Substances or agents capable of
causing developmental abnormalities in utero
• Allergens — Substances that cause allergic
reactions in people or animals
• Sensitizers — Chemicals that cause a substantial
proportion of exposed people or animals to
develop an allergic reaction after repeated
(3 of 3)
exposure to the chemical
Operational Level
1–49
Signs and Symptoms of
Hazardous Materials Exposure
• Confusion, light-headedness, anxiety, and
•
•
•
•
•
•
dizziness
Blurred or double vision
Changes in skin color or blushing
Coughing or painful respiration
Tingling or numbness of extremities
Loss of coordination
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, and
(1 of 2)
diarrhea
Operational Level
1–50
Signs and Symptoms of
Hazardous Materials Exposure
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Changes in behavior or mannerisms
Unconsciousness
Burning eyes, throat, or nose
Headache
Irregular heartbeat
Tightness in chest
Abnormal euphoria
(2 of 2)
Operational Level
1–51
Operational Level
Lesson 1 Presentation
Hazardous Materials for
First Responders, 3rd Ed.