Transcript The Future of Arkansas Higher Education | 02.19.08

The Future of Arkansas
Higher Education
Jim Purcell
Thomas Jefferson:
“I was a revolutionary
so that my children
could farm and so their
children could do art.”
"If I could rest anywhere, it would be in
Arkansas, where the men are of the real
half-horse, half-alligator breed such as
grows nowhere else on the face of the
universal earth."
Davey Crockett
State Per Capita Personal Income v. Share of Adult
Population with Bachelor's Degree or Higher (2005)
$38,000
$36,000
$34,000
Per Capita Income
$32,000
DC
No state with a low
proportion of
Bachelor’s degrees
has a high per capita
income.
CT
NJ
MD
$30,000
DE
$28,000
AK
$26,000
NV
WY
$24,000
MI
WI PA
FL
HI
NY NH
RI
MN
CA
IL
CO
WA
No state with a high
proportion of
Bachelor’s degrees
has a low per capita
income.
VT
GA OR
IA
ME
OH
NC AZ
IN
TN
ND NE KS
MO
SD TX MT
AL
SC
UT
NM
OK ID
LA
$22,000
KY
$20,000
MA
VA
WV
AR
$18,000
MS
$16,000
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Percentage of Adult Population with a Bachelor's Degree or Higher
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 2005
45%
50%
Investing in Higher Education
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Arizona Gov. Janet Napolitano (D) proposed a compact with the state’s eighthgraders: Stay out of trouble and get Bs in high school, and we’ll give you a college
education. Napolitano also pledged to double the number of bachelor’s degrees
awarded by her state’s colleges by 2020.
Michigan Gov. Jennifer Granholm (D) also set a goal of doubling the number of
college graduates. She wants to expand a pilot program that gives students an
associate college degree after a five-year high school program and reward colleges
that manage to graduate students, as opposed to just enrolling them.
West Virginia Gov. Joe Manchin III (D) includes $50 million for the “Bucks for
Brains” initiative to recruit faculty and build infrastructure with the goal of finding
success in fields that could result in profits.
Ohio Gov. Ted Strickland (D): wants to pay for students to spend their final year of
high school on a college campus for free. He also wants to make Ohio one of the 10
least-expensive states to attend college.
Tennessee’s Phil Bredesen (D) suggested lowering the GPA threshold that college
students must maintain to keep their Hope Scholarship from a 3.0 to 2.75.
South Dakota’s Mike Rounds (R) said another 200 students could join the 3,465 who
already receive the state’s Opportunity Scholarships if the ACT score requirement
were lowered from 24 to 23
Missouri’s Matt Blunt (R) asked for $100 million for Access Missouri scholarships, a
sum that would quadruple the state’s investment in need-based grants.
Idaho’s C.L. "Butch" Otter (R) proposed in his address Jan. 7 spending $50 million
for scholarships for low-income students.
Investing in Higher Education
• More impressive is that governors are proposing the
funding increases in what promises to be a tough
budget year. Usually in times of financial distress,
higher education is one of the first areas to suffer
spending cuts.
• “A lot more governors now realize that their systems
of higher education are really their major economic
strategy for the future, … that (companies) go to
where you have highly skilled workers,”
– Raymond Scheppach, executive director of the National
Governors Association (NGA).
The 2010 Meltdown
Solving the Impending Jobs Crisis
• up to 50 percent of America’s adult
population today lacks the advanced
skills that are the foundation for
most future high-paying jobs in
today’s complex knowledge
economy.
Arkansas:
• BLS assures us that over the long
term, labor supply and demand will
balance. (pg 18)
Edward E. Gordon
• Strengthening the
Arkansas Education
Pipeline
Percent 96-97 Arkansas 9th Grader’s Progression
into High School and College (percent)
100
74
Fall 2000 College Freshmen
46
41
100%
29
71%
12
16
4
28%
9th Grade
Enrollm ent
High School
Grads
Enrolled
Directly into
College
First-tim e
Full-tim e
Degree
Seeking
Cohort
Retained
After 1 Year
Graduated
Within 6
Years
With
Associate
Degree
With
Bachelor
Degree
96-97 Arkansas 9th Grader’s Progression into
High School and College (number)
37,160
Fall 2000 College Freshmen
27,335
17,116
15,172
100%
9th Grade
Enrollm ent
High School
Grads
Enrolled
Directly into
College
First-tim e
Full-tim e
Degree
Seeking
Cohort
10,701
71%
5,817
1,493
Retained
After 1 Year
Graduated
Within 6
Years
With
Associate
Degree
4,324
28%
With
Bachelor
Degree
Competing Globally
• 28,532 Arkansas high school graduates
• How many high school graduates in
Dallas/Fort Worth MSA?
• All of Texas
40,906
240,485
• US
3,152,000
• China
9,500,000
Catching Up
• What can be done? What is possible?
What are the issues?
• What is the solution?
• Will Arkansas seek to participate in the
modern-global-technological society in
a capacity other than being a provider
of low-skilled cheap labor?
Arkansas College-Going Rate
65%
63.9%
62.0%
60%
60.8%
59.4%
59.3%
2000-01
2001-02
60.9%
55%
Source: Arkansas Higher Education Information System
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
Reading Remediation Rates by County
Fall 2007
%Arkansas_cnty.shp
Needing Remediation
12 - 25
26 - 49
50 - 74
First-time entering (full- and part-time) students seeking
an associate or baccalaureate degree.
English Remediation Rates by County
Fall 2007
%
Needing Remediation
Arkansas_cnty.shp
16 - 25
26 - 49
50 - 69
First-time entering (full- and part-time) students seeking
an associate or baccalaureate degree.
Math Remediation Rates by County
Fall 2007
%
Needing Remediation
Arkansas_cnty.shp
23 - 25
26 - 49
50 - 81
First-time entering (full- and part-time) students seeking
an associate or baccalaureate degree.
Unduplicated Remediation Rates by County
Fall 2007
%Arkansas_cnty.shp
Needing Remediation
First-time entering (full- and part-time) students seeking
an associate or baccalaureate degree.
33 - 49
50 - 74
75 - 93
Unduplicated Number of Fall First-Time Freshmen Assigned to
Remediation for 2007-2008
All
First-Time
English
Math
Reading
Institution
Remedial
Freshmen
%
%
%
%
ASUJ
1,733
46.68%
28.16%
38.72%
25.45%
ATU
1,543
42.90%
25.92%
34.28%
22.29%
HSU
803
38.11%
23.66%
30.76%
20.67%
SAUM
537
55.87%
40.97%
42.27%
37.43%
UAF
2899
10.93%
3.69%
7.07%
3.73%
UAFS
1,138
44.02%
18.63%
38.05%
15.82%
UALR
862
54.99%
33.76%
43.16%
31.55%
UAM
533
64.73%
46.53%
56.10%
43.15%
UAPB
819
91.70%
75.46%
84.86%
73.63%
UCA
1,793
29.89%
4.13%
28.00%
6.97%
Total Four-Year
12,660
39.50%
22.50%
33.02%
21.09%
Unduplicated Number of Fall First-Time Freshmen Assigned to
Remediation for 2007-2008
All
First-Time
English
Math
Reading
Institution
Remedial
Freshmen
%
%
%
%
ANC
298
84.90%
55.03%
81.54%
52.35%
ASUB
775
62.97%
38.32%
56.52%
31.10%
ASUMH
175
64.57%
34.86%
51.43%
26.29%
ASUN
153
79.74%
58.17%
71.90%
45.10%
BRTC
319
72.41%
52.98%
52.66%
42.95%
CCCUA
152
82.24%
60.53%
76.97%
54.61%
EACC
256
84.38%
60.94%
70.31%
58.59%
MSCC
280
80.00%
60.36%
70.36%
54.29%
NAC
322
63.98%
42.55%
43.48%
34.16%
NPCC
304
83.88%
49.01%
80.26%
38.16%
NWACC
1,116
72.58%
38.35%
59.59%
30.82%
OTC
131
75.57%
38.93%
70.99%
28.24%
OZC
228
69.30%
47.81%
46.49%
34.21%
PCCUA
75
86.67%
66.67%
72.00%
64.00%
PTC
1,034
87.72%
54.26%
84.24%
53.58%
RMCC
111
72.07%
40.54%
52.25%
33.33%
SACC
137
87.59%
64.23%
78.83%
62.04%
SAUT
160
85.00%
58.75%
74.38%
57.50%
SEAC
166
86.75%
65.06%
79.52%
44.58%
UACCB
216
77.78%
50.46%
70.83%
41.67%
UACCH
195
79.49%
42.05%
65.13%
43.59%
UACCM
453
73.95%
45.92%
65.78%
40.40%
Total Two-Year
7,056
76.67%
48.41%
66.77%
42.05%
Cost of Remediation
$53,800,000
Equivalent to the combined budget of seven of
Arkansas’s community colleges.
Certificates and Degrees Awarded by Level
2006-07
Bachelor's , 9,188
39%
Post-Bacc Certificate ,
96
0%
Master's, 2,718
12%
Adv Certificate, 2
0%
Specialist, 48
0%
Doctoral, 215
1%
First-Professional, 503
2%
Associates , 5,534
23%
Post-FP Certificate,
157
1%
Certificate, 5,124
22%
Certificate
Associates
Adv Certificate
Bachelor's
Post-Bacc Certificate
Master's
Specialist
Doctoral
First-Professional
Post-FP Certificate
Unrestricted Educational & General Budget
Sources of Revenue
100%
75%
5.8%
0.9%
6.1%
1.3%
5.2%
1.5%
6.0%
1.3%
6.8%
0.9%
6.5%
1.1%
35.2%
38.3%
39.7%
41.0%
42.0%
41.5%
During the 1980’s what percent of college and
university budgets consisted of State Funds? 69 to 70%
1992? 64%
50%
2001? 60%
25%
58.0%
54.3%
53.6%
51.7%
50.3%
50.9%
FY 2002
FY 2003
FY 2004
FY 2005
FY 2006
FY 2007
0%
State Appropriation
Tuition & Fees
Local Appropriation
Other
Unrestricted Educational & General Budget
Sources of Revenue
100%
5.8%
0.9%
6.1%
1.3%
5.2%
1.5%
6.0%
1.3%
6.8%
0.9%
6.5%
1.1%
75%
35.2%
38.3%
39.7%
41.0%
42.0%
41.5%
58.0%
54.3%
53.6%
51.7%
50.3%
50.9%
FY 2002
FY 2003
FY 2004
FY 2005
FY 2006
FY 2007
50%
25%
0%
State Appropriation
Tuition & Fees
Local Appropriation
Other
Unrestricted Educational & General Budget
Sources of Revenue
100%
5.8%
0.9%
6.1%
1.3%
5.2%
1.5%
6.0%
1.3%
6.8%
0.9%
6.5%
1.1%
75%
35.2%
38.3%
39.7%
41.0%
42.0%
41.5%
58.0%
54.3%
53.6%
51.7%
50.3%
50.9%
FY 2002
FY 2003
FY 2004
FY 2005
FY 2006
FY 2007
50%
25%
0%
State Appropriation
Tuition & Fees
Local Appropriation
Other
Academic Challenge/Governor's Scholarship, State Need-Based Aid, Institutional
Scholarships, Student Loans
(in $millions)
$450
$400
395.73
$350
330.92
$300
$250
215.42
$200
$150
141.59
85.85
$100
$50
66.21
34.77
2.9
$0
'98
'99
24.97
13.9
'00
24.83
3.44
'01
'02
'03
'04
'05
Academic Challenge/Governor's Scholarship
State Need-Based Aid
Institutional Scholarships
Student Loans
'06
'07
State Per Capita Personal Income v. Share of Adult
OK05
OK00
Population with Bachelor's Degree or Higher (2005)
DC
$38,000
$36,000
$34,000
Per Capita Income
$32,000
No state with a low
proportion of
Bachelor’s degrees
has a high per capita
income.
$30,000
DE
$28,000
AK
$26,000
NV
WY
$24,000
$22,000
KY
$20,000
WV
MI
WI PA
FL
HI
NY NH
RI
MN
CA
IL
WA
From 2000 to 2004,
Oklahoma increased in
CT number of bachelor’s
the
degrees for Oklahomans
NJ
age 25 and older from
MD
MA
VA 20.2 to 22.2 and from
46th to 42nd in the state
rankings.
CO
No state with a high
proportion of
Bachelor’s degrees
has a low per capita
income.
VT
GA OR
IA
ME
OH
NC AZ
IN
TN
ND NE KS
MO
SD TX MT
AL
SC
UT
NM
OK ID
LA
AR
$18,000
MS
$16,000
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Percentage of Adult Population with a Bachelor's Degree or Higher
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 2005
45%
50%
Higher Education Initiatives
OKLAHOMA
ARKANSAS
• Increasing Awareness, Access & Opportunity –
GEAR-UP, EPAS, ACE, Student Portal,
EPSCOR outreach, Concurrent
Enrollment, Cooperative Alliances,
OHLAP & Academic Scholars
Academic Challenge, Workforce
Improvement Grant, Governor’s
Scholars, Concurrent Enrollment,
EPSCOR, EPAS, Smart Core,
ACHIEVE/NGA Honors State,
Career Pathways, YOU Program
• Improving the Educational Experience –
Retention strategies, program alignment,
Programs of Excellence
ACTS, program alignment, SURF,
Washington Center Internship
• Addressing Economic Development –
Oklahoma Research Initiative, EPSCOR,
Internships, workforce alliances (Nursing
& Allied Health, Tinker, etc.)
Workforce Cabinet, Teacher
shortages, 2-year College
Economic Initiatives
• Incentivizing Institutional performance –
Rewarding institutions for degree production and
on-time graduation, as well as for achieving
intermediate benchmarks.
???
Brain Gain
Performance Funding
Beginning with FY02:
These measures emphasize
degree production, retention
rates, and graduation rates.
Degrees Conferred . . . . . 25%
Retention Rates. . . . . . . . 30%
Graduation Rates. . . . . . . 25%
2 Institutional-Specific . . 10% each
Oklahoma Degrees Conferred
16,000
15,257
Bachelor’s
14,631
22%
14,000
12,476
12,783
13,148
13,767
12,000
Associate
10,000
8,002
8,155
8,354
8,000
6,522
6,766
28%
7,479
6,000
4,000
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
OKLAHOMA
26,000
24,000
Associate and Bachelor's Degrees Conferred
Since 2000-01, a total of 4,668
additional degrees (+24.5%) have been
awarded across the State System.
781
1,031
1,031
1,163
1,163
1,163
1,103
1,103
1,103
1,103
590
590
590
590
590
19,021
19,021
19,021
19,021
19,021
19,021
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-2006
22,000
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
Enrollment during this same time period only increased 10%.
ARKANSAS
15,000
14,000
Associate and Bachelor's Degrees Conferred
528
Since 2001-02, a total of 2,912
additional degrees (+24.7%) have been
awarded across the State System.
380
380
537
537
537
401
401
401
401
1,066
1,066
1,066
1,066
1,066
11,810
11,810
11,810
11,810
11,810
11,810
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
13,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
Enrollment during this same time period increased 21%.
Workforce and Economic Development
Workforce Development
•
$4.5 million to increase academic
programs at institutions offering
nursing and allied health care
programs.
•
This will produce an additional 300
registered nurses, 130 allied health
professionals and 15 additional
masters level nursing faculty
members annually.
•
Based upon geography and industry
shortages.
Registered Nursing Pipeline
(Only Public Colleges and Universities)
Baccalaureate
Qualified Applicants
731
Admitted applicants
494
Grads who got a job within 6 month
326
Passed licensure
321
Grads who got a job in Oklahoma
287
Grads who planned to continue their education
Only 68% of BSN
qualified
applicants are
admitted into
programs
175
Grads who got a job OUTSIDE Oklahoma
44
Qualified Applicants
2375
Associate
Admitted applicants
1027
Passed licensure
648
Grads who got a job within 6 month
579
Grads who got a job in Oklahoma
444
Grads who planned to continue their education
92
Grads who got a job OUTSIDE Oklahoma
35
0
(2004 Data)
1000
Only 43% of
qualified ADN
applicants are
admitted into
programs
2000
3000
A Plan
“Speed to Market and Close to Customer”
Ed Barlow, Futurist
“Speed to Market and Close to Customer”
1. Implement a series of initiatives that
expedite the number of degrees produced
and the speed at which degrees are
produced.
2. Enhance the production of degrees in high
–demand programs that are needed for the
modern Arkansas economy.
3. Incentivize students to complete a degree
and to work in Arkansas.
The Plan:
“Speed to Market and Close to Customer”
1. Implement a series of initiatives that expedite the
number of degrees produced and the speed at which
degrees are produced.
1. A continuation of the current need-based funding
formula with slight equity modifications
2. A separate performance funding formula
coordinated by ADHE Emphasis on increasing the
# of associate and bachelor degrees as fast as
possible.
3. State-wide annual enrollment management
workshop
4. Continue improving the college matriculation
process: remediation, course articulation,
advising
5. Expand concurrent enrollment
10M a
60K a
The Plan:
“Speed to Market and Close to Customer”
2.
Enhance the production of degrees in high –demand
programs that are needed for the modern Arkansas
economy.
1. Offer Competitive grants to address geographic
workforce shortages. for program expansions probably healthcare in first cycle –awards will be
added to the institution’s base if degree targets
are met within prescribed time period.
2. Establish closer ties with Business and Industry
for the purposes of becoming more responsive.
3. Offer Competitive grants for the purpose of
identifying academic/ technical programs as
“Centers of Excellence.” Selected programs
would illustrate quality, attract and graduate a
large number of students. Awards will be added to
the institution’s base if degree targets are met
5.0M y1 a
7.5M y2 a
1.5M a
The Plan:
“Speed to Market and Close to Customer”
3.
Incentivize students to complete a degree program
and to work in Arkansas.
1. Degree completion initiatives
500K a
2. Adult financial aid or tax credits (?)
3. Streamline state financial aid programs including the
reduction of loan repayment programs.
4. Add state funds for work-study programs
10M a
5. Transfer scholarships
6. Expand internship/work opportunities
7. Training institutions on how to best package
financial aid for maximum impact.
$ 29,560,000 a
Will it work?
Fall Enrollments at AR Public Institutions
Total Two-Year
47,000
Total Two-Year
45,052
45,000
43,217 43,218
42,130
43,000
41,275
41,036
41,000
39,000
37,582
38,177
39,262
38,883
37,000
35,000
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Fall Enrollments at AR Public Institutions
Total Four-Year
80,000
Total Four-Year
75,000
69,582
71,824 73,009
74,788 75,506
76,131
70,000
65,000
60,161 60,812 61,324
62,704
60,000
55,000
50,000
45,000
40,000
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
30.0%
-10.0%
Georgia
Kentucky
Arizona
Texas
Minnesota
Nevada
Arkansas
North Carolina
Idaho
Oklahoma
Maryland
Missouri
New Jersey
West Virginia
Florida
Indiana
Wyoming
Mississippi
Colorado
Virginia
Utah
Oregon
Michigan
Iowa
United States
New Mexico
Montana
Wisconsin
Massachusetts
California
Washington
South Carolina
Tennessee
Maine
Pennsylvania
Alabama
Connecticut
Ohio
Nebraska
South Dakota
Vermont
DC
Kansas
Delaware
Illinois
New
Alaska
New York
Hawaii
Louisiana
North Dakota
Rhode Island
80.0%
68.1%
Growth in Associate Degrees Awarded by Public
Institutions by State from 1999-2000 to 2004-2005
70.0%
60.0%
Arkansas ranks 7th in the growth of
associate degrees since 1999-2000
50.0%
36.6%
40.0%
22.1%
20.0%
10.0%
-6.6%
0.0%
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), "Completions" survey.
20.0%
0.0%
-10.0%
Utah
Nevada
Minnesota
Georgia
Florida
California
Maine
Oregon
Maryland
Pennsylvania
Arkansas
Texas
Indiana
Oklahoma
New Jersey
Colorado
Arizona
South Carolina
Kansas
United States
Ohio
Idaho
North Carolina
Wisconsin
Washington
Connecticut
Kentucky
Michigan
Tennessee
Missouri
New York
Virginia
Iowa
West Virginia
Massachusetts
North Dakota
New Mexico
Delaware
Mississippi
Rhode Island
Hawaii
Louisiana
Alaska
Illinois
New Hampshire
Montana
Nebraska
Vermont
Alabama
Wyoming
South Dakota
DC
40.0%
Growth in Bachelor’s Degrees Awarded by Public
35.6% Institutions by State from 1999-2000 to 2004-2005
30.0%
18.9%
Arkansas ranks 11th in the growth of
bachelor’s degrees since 1999-2000
15.0%
10.0%
-20.6%
-20.0%
-30.0%
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), "Completions" survey.
• Close to customer and speed to market
State Population Age 25 Years and Older
with Bachelor’s Degree or Higher, 2004
16.3% - 23.3%
23.6% - 29.7%
30.5% - 37.4%
civic involvement
volunteer activity by
education levels
50%
45.6% (60 hours)
Percentage Volunteering
B.A. or Higher
40%
34.1%
(52 hours)
Some College
30%
21.7%
(48 hours)
20%
10%
High School
Diploma
9.9%
(48 hours)
Less Than
High School
Diploma
0%
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2003). Volunteering in the United States, 2003. USDL03-888. U.S. Department of Labor.
civic involvement
blood donation by
education level, 1994:
percentage who donate regularly
Percentage Donating Blood
20%
17%
13%
15%
11%
B.A. or Higher
Some College
High School
Diploma
10%
6%
5%
Less Than
High School
Diploma
0%
Source: DBD Worldwide. (2000). DBD Lifestyle Survey. Chicago. Available at www.bowlingalone.com.
government
participation assistance
programs
education level
24.3%
Less Than
High School
Diploma
10.2%
High School
Diploma
4.6%
Some College
& Bachelor’s
Degree or More
Ever Participated in Assistance Programs
Source: Postsecondary Education Opportunity, May 28, 1997, pg 47.
government
incarceration rates by
education levels
Percentage Incarcerated
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.9%
Less Than
High School
Diploma
1.2%
1.0%
0.5%
High School
Diploma
0.3%
Some College
0.0%
0.1%
B.A. or Higher
Source: Harlow, C.W. (2003). Education and Correctional Populations. Bureau of Justice Statistics,
Department of Justice. NCJ195670.
economic
Percent Below Poverty
Threshold, 2004
Percentage Home Ownership
40%
32%
30%
Less Than
High School
Diploma
20%
15%
10%
High School
Diploma
10%
Some College
0%
Census Bureau
4%
B.A. or Higher
economic
unemployment rates and
education level, 2004
9.7%
10
8
Less Than
High School
Diploma
7.5%
High School
Diploma
6
5.1%
Some College
4
2
0
Source: Employment Policy Institute
4.6%
B.A. or Higher
Quality of Life
Home Ownership
80%
Percentage Home Ownership
75%
B.A. or Higher
69%
70%
60%
High School
Diploma
66%
Some College
58%
Less Than
High School
Diploma
50%
Census Bureau, American Housing Survey for the United States:2005
Safety
Seatbelt Use
while intoxicated, 1990
percentage who use seatbelt
78%
Percentage Donating Blood
80%
66%
B.A. or Higher
60%
52%
40%
39%
Less Than
High School
Diploma
20%
Some College
41%
High School
Diploma
31%
20%
15%
0%
Source: American Journal of Public Health
175
125
Income ($000)
Average
family income
by educational
attainment,
2003
150
100
75
50
25
Source: Postsecondary
Education Opportunity, 2005
0
LT-9 9-12 HSG Some AA BA
College
MA
PhD Prof
The Impact of Education on Individuals:
Lifetime Earnings
Estimated
Lifetime
Earnings
Difference
Compared to
High School Graduate
Less than 9th grade
$976,350
-$478,903
High school dropout
1,150,698
-304,555
High school graduate
1,455,253
0
Some college, no degree
1,725,822
270,569
Associate degree
1,801,373
346,120
Bachelor's degree
$2,567,174
$1,111,921
Master's degree
2,963,076
1,507,823
Doctorate
3,982,577
2,527,324
Professional degree
5,254,193
3,798,940
Education Level
Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 2005
Time and Place
Nearly all economic growth and prosperity for
individuals, families, cities, states, and the country
is now driven by college educated workers.
Those individuals, families, cities, states and –
increasingly—countries with the most education
are prospering, while those with the least higher
education are experiencing relative and often
absolute economic decline.
--Postsecondary Education OPPORTUNITY, June 2005.
Jim Purcell
[email protected]
501-371-2030