Transcript COMPUTER HARDWARE

COMMERCIAL
DATA
PROCESSING
CHAPTER 13
Standard Grade
Computing
Need for CDP
• VOLUME OF DOCUMENTS
MANY transactions need to be processed daily
• SPEED OF PROCESSING
Data has to be processed accurately at high speed IMMEDIATELY
• SPEED OF ACCESS
Customer details need to be accessed IMMEDIATELY
• REPETITIVE TASKS
Computers don’t get bored & quickly complete jobs e.g. customer
letters
Standard Grade
Computing
FOUNDATION
Need for CDP
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
• Data entered & immediately available
for viewing
• Manager can compare sales of goods
• Can see which goods are popular
• Can share data with other branches
Standard Grade
CREDIT
Computing
Advantages
• Orders can be processed quicker than with a manual system
• Calculations are accurate without human error
• Errors are less likely - checks built into computer programs
• Large quantities of data can be stored in a small space
• Very large customer lists can be stored & kept up-to-date
• Companies can easily keep in contact with their many customers
either by letter or by email
• Direct mailings can be done automatically using mail merge
• Data more secure than with a manual system
Standard Grade
GENERAL
Computing
Data Processing Cycle
DATA
Unprocessed raw facts and figures that have been
entered into a computer & has no meaning to a person
e.g. 0110 1001, 5.364
INFORMATION
Processed data that is placed in context & can be
understood by a person.
e.g. £63.21, 525 metres
Standard Grade
GENERAL
Computing
Data Processing Cycle
• COLLECTION & PREPARATION
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INPUT
• PROCESSING
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STORAGE
• OUTPUT
Standard Grade
FOUNDATION
Computing
Data Collection,
Preparation & Input
• DATA COLLECTION & PREPARATION
Can be written, printed (source document)
• DATA INPUT
Magnetic Stripe
Bar Codes
Mark Sense Cards
Standard Grade
FOUNDATION
Computing
Accurate Data Entry
MICR – Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
Will input special characters on the bottom of cheques
CHECK DIGIT
Calculation performed on other numbers.
If answer equals check digit then data entry correct
LENGTH CHECK
Must have a certain number of characters
e.g. PIN on an ATM card = 4 numbers
RANGE CHECK from numbers
e.g. month entry is between 1 and 12
Standard Grade
GENERAL
Computing
Data Collection, Preparation
& Input
SMART CARD
Bank cards which contain a microprocessor
Contains more data than magnetic stripe
OCR – Optical Character Recognition
Will recognise & input characters directly into the computer
as text
VALIDATION
Will check that data is acceptable as you try to enter it e.g. range check
VERIFICATION
Will check that data has been entered correctly
Computing
Standard Grade
CREDIT
Data Processing & Storage
WORDS & MEANINGS
FIELD (column): 1 item of information e.g. name
RECORD (row): Information on 1 person or thing
FILE (table): A collection of related records
DATABASE: A collection of related records
UPDATE: Correct changed information e.g. new address
BACKUP: Extra copy of program/data for use in an emergency
Standard Grade
FOUNDATION
Computing
Data Processing
INTERACTIVE PROCESSING
Data is processed / updated as the transaction is entered.
Any enquiries are replied to immediately.
REAL TIME PROCESSING
A system which responds immediately to input e.g. booking a flight
Accessing processor there and then
BATCH PROCESSING
Data gathered over time & entered into the computer
Processing happens in 1 run, often overnight when the processor is quiet
Standard Grade
GENERAL
Computing
Data Storage
SEQUENTIAL ACCESS
Data read in order stored, from start to finish. Slow access so usually for backups
DIRECT/RANDOM ACCESS
Data accessed immediately using the index at the start of the disc
MULTI USER DATABASE
Many users / terminals accessing the data AT THE SAME TIME
MULTI ACCESS
Many users online to a computer system (mainframe) AT THE SAME TIME
Standard Grade
CREDIT
Computing
Data Output
• PAPER
Information can be printed out then viewed
• SCREEN
Information can be viewed on the computer screen
• FILE (Credit)
Data can be stored as a file to be viewed / processed
at a later date.
Standard Grade
FOUNDATION
Computing
Hardware & Software
MAINFRAME COMPUTER
A computer system that can process large amounts of data
at high speed
SYSTEM TERMINALS
Input & output devices used to access the mainframe processor
REMOTE TERMINALS
A terminal is a separate building from the processor
Standard Grade
FOUNDATION
Computing
Social Implications
EFFECTS ON BUSINESS
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Expensive for companies to buy / maintain replace computers
Staff need to be trained for software / hardware changes
Less staff needed as computers now do repetitive jobs quickly
Staff needed to install / repair / look after computers
Many jobs now use computers so IT skills needed
Online businesses allow people to shop from home
Some businesses now not operating
Must still know old skills if computers ‘go down’
Standard Grade
FOUNDATION
Computing
Social Implications
JOB TYPES & CAREERS
PROGRAMMER
Codes programs to be run on the computer
SYSTEMS ANALYST
Decides which hardware / software to recommend to do a job
ENGINEER
Installs new computers & keeps them running
NETWORK MANAGER
Person in charge of the network. Responsible for all systems attached to the
network.
Standard Grade
GENERAL
Computing
Social Implications
Computer crime / fraud
Computer Misuse Act states that it is illegal to
• Access / alter data without permission
• Use data to commit a crime - fraud
• Create / introduce a virus to a computer system
A virus is a program which reproduces
itself automatically and may cause
damage / loss of valuable information
Standard Grade
CREDIT
Computing
Technical Implications
E-COMMERCE
The process of conduction business online e.g. buying / selling goods
ON-LINE BANKING
Banks can save money on staff & buildings
Customers can bank from home with no travelling
24 hours service
ONLINE SHOPPING
Can compare prices easily
Prices cheaper
Can shop at any time with home delivery
Standard Grade
FOUNDATION
Computing
Technical Implications
EFT – ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER
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Card is swiped
Customer details checked to see that there is enough money in bank account
If enough, then, money removed from customer’s account
and transferred to business’ account e.g. supermarket, garage etc.
POS – POINT OF SALE (sometimes EPOS)
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The place where you pay for goods in a shop or checkout
Computer will remove sold items from stock list
Connected to company mainframe computer
Bar code reader often present
Standard Grade
GENERAL
Computing
Economic Implications
INITIAL COSTS
Money needed to buy all of the hardware & software at first
RUNNING COSTS
The costs that are needed to keep the system operating
e.g. printer ink / paper, electricity, repairs
MASS MARKET
People from all over the country can buy the goods
Standard Grade
FOUNDATION
Computing
Security & Privacy
Hello world the sun shines
Accuracy of Information
Hell word the sin shines
Data must be kept up to date & correct – legal requirement
If incorrect data is pointed out, it must be changed
Privacy
Only authorised people can access the data
Different levels of access available to different employees
Standard Grade
FOUNDATION
Computing
Security & Privacy
Physical Security
Computer rooms locked with limited access
Software Security
Passwords required to access certain files
Sale of Customer Lists
Companies can sell customer data to other companies to allow
them to send details about their products – junk mail
Standard Grade
GENERAL
Computing
Implications & Advantages
SINGLE ENTRY MULTIPLE USE
• Data is entered once & can be accessed by
many users
• Amendments / updates only need to be done
once
• Changes available to all users immediately
Standard Grade
CREDIT
Computing
And there is more….
Can you wait
for the
next exciting chapter?
Standard Grade
Computing