Transcript IEA / CSI technology roadmap

Ecosystems and quarry rehabilitation:
CSI experience
CSI Forum 2009
1
‘Local Impacts on Land and Communities’
• Key work area identified in CSI Agenda for Action
(2009)
• Remit of Task Force 5, includes Biodiversity Working
Group
• Basic principles:
– Cement companies become part of local
community when exploitation begins
– Companies must maintain ‘license to operate’
‘CSI members are committed to ‘a business model
that respects, appreciates and cares for both local
landscapes and the people who live in them’
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CSI TF5: work to date
• Stakeholder engagement:
Communication Guidebook for Cement
Plant Managers (2002)
• Local impacts: development of ESIA
(2005)
• Biodiversity: development of 2 KPIs
biodiversity (2008)
on
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Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESIA) (2005)
• CSI tool for:
– Understanding and managing impacts of a site
– Developing effective options for dealing with impacts
• For new limestone quarries
• For cement plant sites: almost impossible to plan ahead for
rehabilitation, due to land use changes. Therefore plant site
plans need to be developed near closure date
• Note: companies to look at sites on
case-by-case basis
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Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESIA) (2005)
Outline
• Roles and responsibilities
• Scoping phase / Greenfield site assessment (stakeholder mapping,
land use, social structure and population, public health, biodiversity
and ecosystems, cultural heritage and landscapes, alternatives)
• Construction phase (environmental and social impacts, health and
safety)
• Operations phase (environmental and social impacts, occupational
health and safety, monitoring and reporting)
• Site closure (community involvement, future site use, rehabilitation,
employment, social structure, post-closure monitoring)
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ESIA recommendations
• Rehabilitation plans are most effective when:
• based on scientific analysis and stakeholder
engagement
• drawn up as early as possible in site development
process
• in conjunction with relevant local stakeholders
• reviewed periodically
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Key Performance Indicators
• Reporting for 2006:
• Biodiversity KPI updated 2009 (divided into 2):
KPI 1: Number of active quarries within, containing or adjacent to areas
designated for their high biodiversity value (as defined by GRI EN11)
KPI 2: % of sites with high biodiversity value (according to KPI 1) where
biodiversity management plans are actively implemented
•
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Performance over time
• CSI members adopting KPI over time
• Reporting shows improvements over time
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Key Performance Indicators
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CSI quarry rehabilitation case studies
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21 case studies
Reviewed by external experts
Published online
Links made with UEPG,
UNEP, CEMBUREAU
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Case studies: available online
CSI website (www.wbcsdcement.org):
Quarry rehabilitation
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Case studies: available online
Quarry rehabilitation
WBCSD website
(www.wbcsd.org)
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Votorantim Experiences
Quarry Rehabilitation
Planning Ahead
September 1, 2009
Ronaldo Dos Santos - VCNA
Joe Horton - VCNA
Note: some photos shown on this presentation have the only objective to illustrate the concepts developed.
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OVERVIEW
As previously mentioned quarry rehabilitation plans are most
effective for sustainability when developed as early as possible.
For existing quarries this presents many constraints and
challenges to the planning of this reclamation/rehabilitation and
can lead to extreme operational costs, capital expenditures and
process issues. However, with early planning quarry rehabilitation
can not only lead to improved biodiversity and community welfare
but can also provide operational and cost savings both in the near
term and future when incorporated into a global Mine Plan.
This is most evident in a Greenfield quarry. The following outlines
one Case Study of such a Greenfield and the advantages of
Planning Ahead.
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BACKGROUND
Houston American
Cement
•
Houston American Cement
(HAC) is a Joint-Venture
Company managed by
Votornatim Cimentos North
American (VCNA) a part of
Votorantim Cimentos.
•
HAC is a Greenfeild Project
located in the State of
Georgia in the United
States. Currently HAC has
not begun mining but has
obtained its necessary
licenses for Construction of
the Plant.
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BACKGROUND
•
Mining activities for this Project were governed by the State of Georgia.
Georgia regulations, which requires mines to have a Reclemation Plan and
Financial Assurances for the Reclemation Plan.
•
VCNA approached the Reclamation Plan with a plan of progressive
reclamation. This include the input of all stakeholders and focused on the
following key objectives:
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–
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Meeting and exceeding Regulatory Requirements
Positive and supportive relationship with local community for mining activies
Minimizing environmental risks
Minimizing operational costs, capital costs, and operational issues for the quarry
•
This process lead to the creation of the HAC progressive reclamation plan
(PRP), a result of the combination of the HAC Operational Mine Plan and
the proposed reclamation strategies which also aligned with defined site
licensing requirements.
•
This presentation shows the main operational activities for the PRP as
outlined below and the benefits each brings to both Sustainabiity and
Operations:
•
•
•
•
Backfilling
Grading and slope stability
Drainage and water management
Revegetation associated with the HAC PRP.
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SITE CHARACTERISTICS
• A key feature of the HAC site as well as a major constraint in
the development of the PRP is the occurrence of a large
amount of overburden as compared to the relatively thin layer
of limestone resulting in a high stripping ratio (averaging 1.7
across the entire mine).
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SITE CHARACTERISTICS
• Although this overburden (twiggs clay) is suitable to be
used as a filling material, superficial water management
and re-handing issues are important factors of the PRP
and its effectiviness.
•Approximately seventy years of proven limestone
reserves have been quantified on nearly 1,940 acres
associated with the mining operations.
• The Mining Operations is scheduled to produce the
following in the first 10 years:
- 1,200,000 t of limestone
60,000 t of clay
- 900,000 t of overburden to be disposed according
the PRP.
• Walker Pond Stream, the primary stream that
bisects the site, and its tributaries and related wetland
are to be relocated as mining and reclamation
activities progress.
HAC Site : Pit A & Pit B
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BACKFILLING ACTIVITY
• Using a method of backfilling known as Castback Backfilling,
which allows reclamation to remain concurrent with active
mining. This practice of mining and backfilling is both
economical and environmentally compatible. The overburden
is handled only once during the stripping and reclamation
process. This results in an economical method of mining.
• Backfilled material will be used to contour the previous phase
of mined area per the PRP concurrently with the current
active phase of mining or stripping area.
– This results in an a minimal incremental cost for the reclemation
and the benefits of having reclaimed areas immediately.
– Wherever possible, soils should be moved directly from areas
being stripped to areas being restored, negating the necessitate
for double handling.
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BACKFILLING ACTIVITY
• The PRP was developed in phases in order to accomodate
progressive stripping ratios; minimize material re-handling as
well as faciliatate activities associated with the relocation of the
superficial streams.
Mining Sequencing : 0 - 10 years Plan
HAC Progressive Reclamation Plan – Phasing Overview
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BACKFILLING ACTIVITY
•
A continuous re-habilitation process was also established, as
excess overburden from the development of the future mine
areas shall be utilized according to the PSP into the
previously mined areas.
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GRADING AND SLOPE STABILITY
• Final slopes and surface contours will approximate native
gradients and will blend with adjacent topography to minimize
impacts to existing land use characteristics. Main aspects of this
process are overall landcaping, erosion control and soil infiltration
HAC Final Grading – Master Plan
characteristics.
HAC proposed channels - Profile Design
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GRADING AND SLOPE STABILITY
• Mine operations will utilize dozers, excavators and graders for
these activities. An important feature of the PRP is the coordination
with the previous backfilling operation and ongoing active stipping
area in order to minimize input as well as to provide proper
workable material to areas being actively reclaimed.
HAC Engineering Guidance - Sloping Design
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DRAINAGE AND WATER
MANAGEMENT
• Surface water flow will be re-established in the backfilled
phases via the countering with the grading and sloping.
• Ephemeral channels to be impacted by the mining activity
will be temporarily directed around active mining stages and
recreated in the backfill phases to re-establish pre-mining
habitats.
• Channel design for both temporary and permanent
diversions were desinged to enhence the final reclamation
phase to reduce the cost of reclemation.
• This approach assists in reducing ongoing operational costs
for water management by minimizing the active area of
water management and the volumes of water handled.
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DRAINAGE AND WATER
MANAGEMENT
• The routes of the proposed channels in the PSP were based
on hydrologic, environmental, safety and logistic
considerations. The stability of the stream and potential
flooding are two additional factors evaulated in design of
channel routes.
• Development of the mine areas included additional aspects
of water management in order enhence operational
conditions as well as enhance the reclamation effort.
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DRAINAGE AND WATER
MANAGEMENT
Quarry would generate excess overburden that would be
used to reclaim the mine site to ridges and streams that
would adequately convey surface water across the site.
• The PSP approached surface water
with a plan for sequentially relocating
the streams and channels as
equivalently as possible to the
original locations as the active mine
progresses.
• With this approach, the disruption to
the streams is minimized while also
relocating the streams and channels
to reclaimed areas near their original
location.
Log structures such as log vanes and root wads add woody
debris to the stream, enhancing habitat and having as main
goals:
Maintenance of a stable width-to-depth ratio;
Reductions in near-bank velocity;
Reductions in erosion potential and sediment deposition;
Improvements in fish habitat;
Visual compatibility with natural channels of the region;
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REVEGETATION
• Progressive reclamation reduces the need for topsoil
storage, but this may still be required for part of a site.
• Revegetation procedures will begin following contouring
and topsoiling of the disturbed areas. Revegetation
enhances site stabilization and erosion control while
restoring natural habitat in a more timely manner. This
process has also a direct impact on minimizing mine
requirements associated with dewatering and dust control
activities.
• Ascetic benefits for community are also improved.
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REVEGETATION
• Permanent vegetation will be installed as soon as the mining and
stockpiling activities cease in an area. Temporary ditches will be
grassed with temporary and permanent grassing.
• Topsoil will be directly on leveled area. The seeding process will
use broadcast seeder and hydro-seeding when feasible. Several
tree establishment techniques will be also implemented,
especially within slope areas and floodplains.
Importance of the proper revegetation and
grade design specially along the water streams.
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OTHER COST
• Each completed phase of mining that is reclaimed
via these methods adds the advantage of experince
for enhanced knowledge for reclemation of future
phases.
This allows for optimization of these
methods for further reduced cost in future
reclamation.
• Additional cost savings occur in the following areas:
– Implementation cost (shared resources with the mine
operations: equipments, trained personnel, supervision,
power, communications, staff support, etc.)
– Active Mine Auxiliary cost (dewatering, dust control, erosion
control, etc.)
• This also reduces outstanding cost associated with
future liabilitis such as Finacial Assurances required
for reclemation.
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OVERALL COST EVALUATION
“True magnitude of reclamation and closure cost liabilities
are often initially unknown…externally and internally”. So,
good practices in planning, cost management and its proper
record can bring financial incentives.
Regulatory “Financial Assurances” can be beneficial
Source: Boxill, Lois, AMEC “Reclamation and Closure Cost Planning
and Estimation and the Mining Life Cycle”
Source: MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINES
Mining and Minerals Division, British Columbia
- Canada “MINE RECLAMATION COSTING
AND SPREADSHEET” 2006
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Votorantim Experiences:
Decomissioning Plans
for Itaú de Minas
and Rio Branco
September 1, 2009
Patrícia Monteiro Montenegro
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Itaú de Minas
Local scale
Open quarry
Industrial Area
Adm. area
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Rio Branco do Sul
Labels
Sterile deposits
Cava de argila ativa
Plants
Adm. instalations
Rented limestone quarry
Active clay quarry
Inactive clay quarry
Active limestone quarry
Inactive limestone quarry
Poligonal DNPM
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Methodology Roadmap
Enterprise
Diagnosis/
Prognosis
Guidelines
Business Plan
Threats/ Opportunities
Processes
Filters / Guidelines
C.S.I
Votorantim Guidelines
X
Environmental/
Social Survey
and Assessment
Environmental
Aptitudes/Restrictions
Legislation/ Land Use
Local Vocation
Community Expectations
GOLDER
METHODOLOGY
+
PROPOSAL OF
ALTERNATIVES / SCENARIOS
FOR POST-CLOSURE USE
+
Participation/Interaction:
VCB Corp.
Production Plants
SELECTION OF CONCEPTUAL SCENARIOS
FOR DECOMISSIONING
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Concepts and Guidelines
•
•
•
•
Local/Regional Perspectives and
Vocations;
Applicable National and
International Legislation;
National and International
Experiences;
Technical-Scientific Literature
about decomissioning from the
most recent forums and seminars;
•
•
•
Guidelines and Protocols from
Environmental and SocialEconomical Multilateral agencies;
Especial Focus on CSI Guidelines;
Gain of financial trust through
actions of Social-Environmental
responsibility linked to the
decomissioning;
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Example of Alternatives
• AAA
Operational Areas and Proposed Alternatives
Alternative 1
Open
quarry
Public water
supply center
Alternative 2
Multiple uses
for leisure
and tourism
Alternative 3
Alternative 4
Fish culture
Public supply
center +
Multiple uses for
leisure and
tourism
Recovery of
natural
ecosystem
Keep agroforest usage
Diverse
farming usage
Real estate
incorporation
Adm. area
Center for small
furniture or
manufacturing
businesses
Cultural station
Keep/adjust
existing
structure
Complete
demolition of
structure
Industrial
area
Management of
cement production
with imported
clinker from anther
plant
Forest
units
Small
Hydro
Power
Supply energy
to the complex
Wood
warehouse
Supply energy
to the National
Grid System
Small industrial Wood warehouse
+ small industrial
district for
district for
furniture or
furniture
or
manufacture
manufacture
Alternative 5
Real estate
incorporation
+ agro-forest
use
Commercial
production
of electricity
(biomass)
Alternative 6
Real estate
incorporation +
diverse farming
including country
tourism
Recovery of natural
ecosystem (total
deactivation of
structures)
Complete
Deactivation
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Alternatives Assessment
Each alternative for each operational area is assessed according to the
different types and degrees of intervention predicted, considering the restrictions
and potentials of the following aspects:
Physical and biotic environment
• Geotechnical and hydrological integrity of the containment
• Potential Impacts to the aquatic, terrestrial, atmospheric
environments
Social-economical aspects
• Economical scenarios of the region
• Political and Institutional Contexts
• Impacts on the social-territorial restructure
• Levels of social perception and support
Viability of execution
• Complexity of monitoring, cost and duration of plan
• Population access and exposition
• Reuse of existing infra-structure
• Risk of failure
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Proposal of scenarios
According to the previous assessment, some of the alternatives
are chosen and combined into four different scenarios:
1) Sustainable use of water resources and promotion of cultural and
socio-economic activities
2) Industrial adjustment to the local social-economic vocations
(partial decommissioning)
3) Social-economic and cultural diversification aligned to the local
vocations
4) Total rehabilitation of impacted areas and strict adjustments for
tourism, leisure and culture
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Scenarios for Itaú de Minas
1
Sustainable use of water resources and promotion of cultural and socio-economic activities
Operational or
Interest Areas
Pretended Future
Use
Open
quarry
Public water
supply center
Forest units
Keep agroforest usage
Adm. area
Cultural station
Industrial
area
Small industrial
district for
furniture or
manufacture
Small Hydro
Power
Supply energy
to the complex
Decomissioning Actions
• Specific studies for: determination of the water level after
closure, water quality of the future lake and storage capacity of
the quarry.
• Enclosure of the quarry
• Demolition of the structures surrounding the quarry
• Re-vegetation of the area surrounding the quarry
• Monitoring
• Re-vegetation of the piles
• Adequate buildings.
• Re-vegetation of courtyard areas (pet coke, wood).
• Monitoring.
• Disassembly of equipments and demolition of structures (70%
clinker and cement, 100% aggregates).
• Re-vegetation of degraded areas.
• Monitoring.
• Disassembly of crushing and grinding equipments.
None
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Scenarios for Itaú de Minas
2
Industrial adjustment to the local social-economic vocations (partial decommissioning)
Operational or
Interest Areas
Open
quarry
Forest units
Adm. area
Industrial
area
Small Hydro
Power
Pretended Future
Use
Decomissioning Actions
Multiple uses for tourism
and leisure
• Specific studies for: determination of the water level after
closure, water quality of the future lake and storage capacity of
the quarry
• Geotechnical studies for slope stability and enclosure of quarry;
Demolition of the structures surrounding the quarry
• Re-vegetation of the area surrounding the quarry
• Monitoring
Keep agro-forest
usage
Keep/ Adequate existing
structure
Management of cement
production with imported
clinker from anther plant
Supply energy
to the complex
• Re-vegetation of the piles area
• Re-vegetation of courtyard areas (pet coke, wood).
• Disassembly of equipments and demolition of structures (70%
clinker and cement, 100% aggregates).
• Re-vegetation of degraded areas.
• Monitoring.
• Disassembly of crushing and grinding equipments.
None
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Scenarios for Itaú de Minas
3
Social-economic and cultural diversification aligned to the local vocations
Operational or
Interest Areas
Open
quarry
Forest units
Pretended Future
Use
Decomissioning Actions
Multiple uses for tourism
and leisure
• Specific studies for: determination of the water level after
closure, water quality of the future lake and storage capacity of
the quarry
• Geotechnical studies for slope stability and enclosure of quarry;
• Demolition of the structures surrounding the quarry
• Re-vegetation of the area surrounding the quarry
• Monitoring
Keep agro-forest
usage
Adm. area
Cultural station
Industrial
area
Management of cement
production with imported
clinker from anther plant
Small Hydro
Power
Supply energy
to the complex
• Re-sloping/ re-vegetation of the piles
• Adequate buildings.
• Re-vegetation of courtyard areas (pet coke, wood).
• Monitoring.
• Disassembly of equipments and demolition of structures (70%
clinker and cement, 100% aggregates).
• Re-vegetation of degraded areas.
• Monitoring.
• Disassembly of crushing and grinding equipments.
None
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Scenarios for Itaú de Minas
4
Total rehabilitation of impacted areas and strict adjustments for tourism, leisure and culture
Operational or
Interest Areas
Pretended Future
Use
Decomissioning Actions
Open
quarry
Incorporation to the
natural surrounding
ecosystem
• Specific studies for: determination of the water level after
closure, water quality of the future lake and storage capacity of
the quarry
• Demolition of the structures surrounding the quarry
• Re-vegetation of the area surrounding the quarry
Incorporation to the
natural surrounding
ecosystem
• Re-vegetation of the whole area with native species
• Re-sloping/ re-vegetation of the piles
Adm. area
Cultural station
• Adequate buildings.
• Re-vegetation of courtyard areas (pet coke, wood).
• Monitoring.
Industrial
area
Incorporation to the
natural surrounding
ecosystem (total
deactivation of strictures)
Forest units
Small Hydro
Power
Supply energy to the
national grid system
• Disassembly of equipments and demolition of structures (70%
clinker and cement, 100% aggregates).
• Re-vegetation of degraded areas.
• Monitoring.
• Disassembly of crushing and grinding equipments.
• Construct new transmission lines
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Upcoming issues
1. How to communicate decomissioning plans with
local communities without raising any rumors?
2. How can the cement industry prepare the local
community for active participation on the
decomissioning plan?
3. How to conciliate recovery of biodiversity with
economical / social impact on the community when
choosing options for decomissioning?
4. Is biodiversity impact from emissions becoming a
focus for your local policy-makers?
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Upcoming issues
• How can the CSI companies evaluate the
biodiversity lost due to mining activity?
• What future regulations regarding quarry
decomissioning do you see arising from policy
markers?
• Is your company aware of any new technologies or
methods for reclamation?
• Is there opportunities to work with or learn from
other mining industries?
• What future issues around ecosystems do you
see?
• Is there any recommendations from your country
concerning the life time of the mine?
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