Transcript No Slide Title

2.3
EMERGENCY
FOOD
SECURITY &
NUTRITION
PROBLEMS
Weighing a child using the Salter scale
1
First, let’s look at the
nutrition problems…
Problem 1:
Undernutrition can
become epidemic in
displaced
populations, when
normal access to
food is cut off and
rates of infectious
disease rapidly
increase.
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UNHCR photo, L. Taylor, Upper Lofa Country Liberia, 1993
Malnutrition
High energy
Utilization
•
Poor Appetite
Infection
•
A vicious
cycle
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Lowered
Resistance
• Measles
• Diarrhea
• Pneumonia
• Malaria
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Problem 2: The underlying causes of
malnutrition in the affected population are
not understood or addressed.
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UN photograph, Operation Lifeline Sudan, August 1998
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Conceptual framework of the causes of undernutrition
See page 146
Short term
consequences
Maternal &
child
undernutrition
Inadequate
dietary intake
Shocks, trends, seasonality,
social, economic, cultural, and
political environment
Long term
consequences:
abilities, size,
disease
Household
food
insecurity
Disease
Inadequate
maternal
intake, poor
feeding
practices
IMMEDIATE
CAUSES
Unhealthy
household,
poor health
services
Poor
livelihood,
Poverty
UNDERLYING
CAUSES
Insufficient
livelihood
assets
BASIC
CAUSES
Problem 3: Standardized food baskets are
not nutritionally adequate for everyone
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UN photo, Roghani Refugee Camp, Afghan/Pakistan border, December - 2001
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Daily Energy Requirements
Age
group
0-4 yr
5-9 yrs.
10-14 yrs.
15-19 yrs.
20-59 yrs.
60+ yrs.
Pregnant
Lactating
Males
Females
(kcal/day) (kcal/day)
(kcal/day)
% of pop.
1320
1980
2370
2700
2460
2010
1290
1860
2210
2420
2230
1890
12.37%
1250
1730
2040
2120
1990
1780
Average
11.69%
10.53%
9.54%
48.63
7.24
285(extra)
2.4%
500(extra)
2.6%
AVERAGE DAILY REQUIREMENT: 2100 Kcal/person/day
Based on WHO technical Report No. 724 and UN Pop. Data, mid 1995
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nutrition
InterWorks/UNHCR
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Problem 4: It is difficult to determine and
administer the starting and stopping of
selective feeding programs for the severely
malnourished
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8 centre.
WFP photo /Ramin Rafirasme - Sierra Leone - Makeni nutritional/ therapeutic
Problem 5: Normally diverse food
sources are replaced by standard
rations resulting in severe
micronutrient deficiencies, even when
overall calorie requirements are met.
www.echt.chm.msu.edu
www.healthcentral.com
signs of SCURVY
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Signs of
pellagra…
Cassal's
necklace
Photo: P. Delchevalerie
http://www.ennonline.net/fex/10/fa12.html
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Problem 6: Food types provided through
international mechanisms often do not
match customary foods, and so may be
traded at a loss, or wasted.
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Problem 7: It is often difficult to conduct a
credible nutrition survey upon which to
design suplementary feeding
programmes.
UNHCR photo
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(more) problems in
food security and food
transfer programs
Guardian photo
Problem 8 Poor accountability and control
Ethnic Albanian
refugees reach for
a loaf of bread
being distributed in
the center of
Kukes, Albania. Washington Post
photo
Problem 9 Families cannot attain self-sufficiency
A Food Aid Problem
20,000 people have collected in a drought-induced IDP camp in
Domistan. Most of these are small rural farmers who have
migrated to the outskirts of this large city seeking work and
food. Several NGOs have been providing food and shelter here
for the last two years. The drought is in its third year, but there
are heavy snows now and the new crop in the Spring may be
quite good, if people can plant wheat.
• These people have no other access to food for the next 5
months
• Local market prices for wheat are low, and the markets
are full of internationally donated wheat.
• The IDPs have consumed all of their livestock and
funds. Many are deeply in debt to family members.
• Outline a basic Food Aid program for this group for
one year. Donors have decided to jointly fund only one
consolidated program for the next year.
Your flip chart should look something like this…...
Food Aid Proposal by Us
1. Goal: Blah blah blah
2. Assumptions: Yadda,
yadda, yadda, etc.
3. Activities
3.1…………...
3.2…………...
3.3…………….
3.4……………...
4: Inputs
4.1…………….
4.2…………...
4.3………………..
Problem 10
FAO photo
Loss, waste, and spoilage
Problem 11 Poor (or no) targeting to specific need
www.un.org/av/photo/subjects/images/187724.jpg
For the 20,000 famine- affected IDPs
from the last problem…
What specific targeting within this
community might be required?
How would you determine this?
Problem 12
Difficult logistics for delivery
Problem 13 Food distribution can destabilize
local farmers, markets, and relationships reducing longer-term food security
FAO photo
Problem 14 No “control” over distributed items
IRC photo, Jalazai Refugee Camp, 2001
Distribution Pros and Cons - Fill in the Chart…..
Distribute Food to:
Heads of families
Group or social
leaders
Individuals
Primary School
students
Workers
PROS
CONS
Problem 15 The most at risk do not
receive distributed food
FAO photo
CONCLUSIONS ON NUTRITION
•Nutrition and malnutrition are fields based on, and
requiring, trained professional nutritionists
•Even so, avoiding serious malnutrition,is based on
and requires meeting basic standards of service in
many other sectors, such as water, sanitation,
health, and shelter.
•While this information does not make you
professional nutritionists, it does raise your ability to
better understand the inter-related nature of
nutrition/malnutrition and the other service support
sectors
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CONCLUSIONS ON FOOD
TRANSFER PROBLEMS
• Logistics form a primary part of food aid
programs, but even good logistics cannot
overcome poor targeting and distribution, which
may be even more difficult to solve
• Distribution systems must be seen to be
equitable, and still be prioritized to those most in
need
• Food transfer should be done in ways that harm
local capacities and economic structures the
least.