PHYSICAL SECURITY (NSTISSI 4011)

BY Josef Onuoha CS 996

Outline

• Goals of Physical Security • Perimeter and Building protection • Access Controls • Distributed Processing • Stand-alone Systems and Peripherals • Environment and Life Safety Controls • Tamper Resistance

Goals of Physical Security

• Prevent unauthorized access to equipment, installations, material, and documents • Safeguard against espionage, sabotage, damage, and theft • Safeguard personnel

Perimeter Protection

• Standoff distance – The maintained distance between where a vehicle bomb is allowed and the target • Exclusive Standoff Zone – Vehicles are not allowed within perimeter unless they have been searched and cleared • Nonexclusive Standoff Zone – Established when a facility or location permits a mixture of trucks and cars. – Includes inner and outer perimeters

Perimeter Protection

Perimeter Protection

• Speed Control – Controls the speed of vehicles used for bombs

Perimeter Protection

• Vehicle barriers

Perimeter Protection

• Perimeters should also protect against Standoff weapons such as riffles, shot guns, pistols • Primary defense is to obstruct Line Of Sight (LOS) from vantage point outside the site – Use a Predetonation Screen

Perimeter Protection

Perimeter Protection

• Surveillance – aggressors remain outside of controlled areas and try to gather information from within those areas – Designers must eliminate or control vantage points from which aggressors can surveil or eavesdrop on assets or operations. • Trees, bushes, fences, other buildings etc

Perimeter Protection

Perimeter Protection

• Lighting – Discourage or deter attempts at entry by intruders.

– Prevent glare that may temporarily blind the guards.

– Different types • Continuous, standby, movable – Different applications • Entrances, Parking areas, Critical areas • Staffing – Security Guards – Patrols – Dogs

Building Protection

• • A Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF) is an accredited area, room, group of rooms, buildings, or installation where Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) may be stored, used, discussed, and/or processed We now focus on construction requirements of a SCIF

Building Protection

• Vault Specifications

Building Protection

• Vault Specification (cont) – minimum compressive strength of 3000 psi after 28 days of aging for class A – 5/8-inch diameter steel rein- forcing bars laid 6 inches on centers – In seismic areas, 6-inch or thicker RC will be used.

Building Protection

• Walls – The walls will be of either reinforced concrete in excess of four inches thick or solid masonry (stone or brick) in excess of eight inches thick • Floors – The floor and ceiling selected for a Secure Area will be at least a four inch thickness of concrete

Building Protection

• Entrances – A Secure Area will be equipped with a GSA Class 6 vault door • Windows – It is preferable that Secure Area be windowless . Accessible windows, where required, will be secured with bars, installed as specified in the requirements

Building Protection

• Barred Window Specifications for SCIF – Type of Installation • Type A: Requires a steel frame with steel bars welded on it to be bolted to the inside of the facility window frame • Type B: Requires imbedding the ends of steel bars in the masonry window frame of the facility • Type C: Requires a grillwork of steel bars to be imbedded in the masonry walls immediately adjacent to the facility window frame

Building Protection

• Sound Attenuation for SCIF – The SCIF walls, windows, floor and ceiling, including all openings, should provide sufficient sound attenuation to preclude inadvertent disclosure of conversation – Must meet the following SCT: • Executive Suite 45+ • Briefing Rooms 45+ • Auditoriums 50+

Building Protection

• Telephone Security for SCIF – Telephone cables and wires which penetrate a facility's perimeter will enter the facility through one opening and be placed under control at the interior face of the perimeter – The number of telephone instruments servicing a SCIF will be limited to those operationally necessary

Interior Intrusion Detection Systems

• Structural vibration sensors – Detects energy due to hammering, drilling, etc • Point sensors – Detects close proximity to an object.

• Passive ultrasonic sensors – detect acoustical energy • Volumetric Motion sensors – Detects intruder motion within the interior of a protected volume

Exterior Intrusion Detection Systems

• Fence sensors – Detects penetration generated by mechanical vibrations and stresses in fence fabric and posts • LOS sensors – generate a beam of energy and detect changes in the received energy that an intruder causes by penetrating the beam.

Alarms

• Requirements – –

Vault doors

will be equipped with heat detectors and balanced magnetic switches. – The

interior spaces

not continually occupied by authorized personnel will be protected by motion detection alarms. – –

perimeter doors

will be equipped with high security balanced magnetic door switches.

vents and ducts Windows

alarmed over six inches will be alarmed. less than 18 feet from ground level will be

Alarms

• Types – Motion alarm detectors • Overt body motion walking through the protected areas at the rate of one step per second for four seconds, in areas protected by ultrasonic, microwave, and other motion detection devices – Door Switches • Actual opening of doors (or windows or other openings using door switches) which are protected by balanced magnetic door switches.

Alarms

• Types (cont) – Capacitance Alarms • Attempts to push hands, arm, or legs through the protected area (air ducts or vents); to touch an item being protected (door, window, wall, etc.); or to move protected objects (security containers). – Tamper Switches • Removal of the covers for sensors, alarm control units, day/night switches, and end of the line supervision control units should cause an alarm regardless of the status of the overall system

Physical Access Control

• Designate restricted area: Facilitates enforcement

Physical Access Control

• Locks – Preset Locks and Keys • Typical door looks – Programmable Locks • Mechanical (Cipher Locks) • Electronic (Keypad Systems): Digital Keyboard – Number of Combinations – Number of Digits in Code – Frequency of Code Change

Physical Access Control

• Cards – Photo-ID cards – Wireless Proximity readers – Magnetic Strip cards – Smart Cards • Often Require Use of PIN Number with Card • Readers: Card Insertion, Card Swipe & Proximity

Physical Access Control

• DOD Smart Cards (Common Access Cards)

Physical Access Control

• Biometric Devices – Fingerprint/Thumbprint Scan – Retina Scan – Hand Geometry – Facial Recognition – Voice Verification – Problems • Cost • Speed • Accuracy

Physical Access Control

• Typical verification times for entry-control devices

Physical Access Control

• Visitor identification and control – Visitors, Cleaning teams, Civilians in work areas after normal work hours, Government contractors • Personnel – Position Sensitivity Designation – Management Review of Access Lists – Background Screening/Re-Screening – Termination/Transfer Controls – Disgruntled Employees

Physical Access Control

• Movement Control – Escorts – Two-person rule

Distributed Computing

• Threats – To Confidentiality • Sharing Computers • Sharing Diskettes – To Availability • User Errors – To Data Integrity • Malicious Code • Version Control

Physical security of Distributed Computing

• Office Area Controls – Entry Controls – Office Lay-Out – Property controls – Electronic Media Controls – Clean-Desk Policy – Space protection devices • Heat/Humidity considerations

Stand-alone Systems and Peripherals

• PC Physical Control – Cable locks • Vinyl-covered steel cable anchoring the PC or peripheral to desk – Port controls – Devices that secure data ports (such as USB ports) and prevent their use

Stand-alone Systems and Peripherals

• PC Physical Control (cont) – Switch Controls • A cover for the on/off switch, which prevents a user from switching off the file server’s power – Peripheral switch controls • Lockable switches that prevent a keyboard from being used – Electronic Security Boards • Boards inserted into an expansion slot in the PC and force a user to enter a password when the unit is booted

Environment and Life safety Controls

• Environment considerations to physical security include the following • Electric Power • RFI, EMI – Implement TEMPEST • Humidity – Humidity of < 40% increases static elec. Damage potential • Emergency power off controls • Voltage monitoring/recording • Surge protection

Environment and Life safety Controls

• Electric Power (cont) – Backup power • Backup feeders, UPS – Emergency power generators

Environment and Life safety Controls

• Temperature – Temperatures When Damage Occurs • Paper Products: 350 o • Computer Equipment: • Disks: • Magnetic Media: 175 o 150 o 100 o • Fire detection – Heat-sensing – Flame-actuated – Smoke-actuated – Automatic dial-up fire alarm

Environment and Life safety Controls

• Fire Extinguishing Systems – Wet pipe – Dry pipe – Deluge • Suppression mediums – Halon • Excellent for vaults, equipment cabinets, etc – Carbon IV Oxide • Great for unattended facilities. Potentially dangerous

Information System Centers

• Site selection – Low visibility – Low natural disaster threat – Easy access to external services such as police, fire, hospitals, etc

Information System Centers

• Infrastructure – Servers, switches, routers, should be placed in looked racks and looked rooms – Wiring and cables should be routed through walls, floors, etc to avoid tampering – Uninterrupted power supply should exist for computing facility

Tamper Resistance

• A device is said to be

tamper-resistant

if it is difficult to modify or subvert, even for an assailant who has physical access to the system. • Specialized materials used to make tampering difficult – One-way screws, epoxy encapsulation, trox • Closely tied to tamper detection and response

Tamper Detection

• The ability of a device to sense that it is under physical attack and includes – Switches to detect opening of device covers – Sensors to detect changes in light or pressure within the device – Barrier to detect drilling or penetration of physical boundary – Paint

Tamper Response

• Tamper Response is the counter measure taken upon the detection of tampering • Ex.: Erase memory, shutdown/disable device, enable logging • This is especially very important in the case of cryptographic keys stolen or lost • This is especially very important in the case of cryptographic keys stolen or lost – Computational errors introduced into a smart card can deduce the values of chip logic

cryptographic keys

hidden in the smart card – layers of a chip can be uncovered by etching, discerning chip behavior by advanced infrared probing, and reverse-engineering

OPSEC

• Operations security (OPSEC) is an analytic process used to deny an adversary information - generally unclassified • Trains people on the handling of information • We can apply OPSEC in our daily lives – “What could an adversary glean from the knowledge of this activity?”

Resources

• Physical Security Requirements For NSA/CSS Sensitive Compartmented Information Facilities • FM 3-19.30 Physical Security, Department of the Army • AR 380-5 Appendix H Classified document and Material Storage • Smart Card/Common Access Card Program http://www.don ebusiness.navsup.navy.mil/portal/page?_pageid=36,747 50,48_72991&_dad=pebiz&_schema=PEBIZ