Transcript Perspectives of energy substitutions in industrial processes

Efficiency in industry through
electro-technologies
Paul Baudry, EDF / R&D
The future of Energy in Enlarged Europe, Warsaw 7-8th october 2004
Outline
• European policy related to energy efficiency
• Energy efficiency and electricity
• The influence of energy accounting system
• Efficient electro-technologies in industry
• Conclusion
2
European policy on energy efficiency
 Drivers
- Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
- Security of energy supply
 Target
- Annual energy savings : 1% of final energy
 European directives
- Proposal for a Directive on energy end-use efficiency and
energy services
- Directive on energy efficiency in buildings
- Directive on Integrated Prevention and Pollution Control
- Directive on tradable CO2 emission permits
3
Global Trends in Energy use : 1970-2000
The
manufacturing
sector
(industry)
exhibits the
highest energy
intensity
decrease
Source : 30 years of
energy use in IEA
countries
4
Global Trends in Energy use
Total final energy consumption by fuel
Source : 30 years of energy use in IEA countries
5
Energy Efficiency and electricity
As global energy intensity decreases, electricity grows with GDP
450
450
400
400
350
350
300
300
Mobility
OCDE
OCDE
Electricity
OCDE
Thermal
stationary
250
250
200
200
GDP US$95
150
150
100
100
50
50
0
0
6
Energy accounting system
primary and final energy
FOSSIL ENERGY
(coal, oil, gas)
Ren.
Heat
NON FOSSIL ENERGY
(nuclear,hydro, Ren. En.)
ELECTRICITY
PRODUCT OR SERVICE
 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the accurate method
for energy accounting
 Two main LCA impact indicators for energy efficiency :
- primary energy consumption
- CO2
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Energy accounting system
primary and final energy
 Usual conventional coefficient for primary energy to
electricity conversion : ~2.5
 This coefficient is an average of the different power
generation systems
 IEA convention for final to primary energy conversion :
- 33% for nuclear
- electricity / fossil fuel : energy content for coal and gas
power generation systems
- 100 % for renewable energy
 Accurate final to primary energy coefficient are different
in each country and for each electricity supplier
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Energy accounting system
CO2 emissions for power generation with Life Cycle Assessment
Power Generation
system
CO2 content
(g CO2 / kWh)
Nuclear
5
Hydro
6
Coal
1000
Wind
15 - 20
Gas Turbine
(Combined Cycle)
450
9
Energy Efficiency through Electro-technologies
in various industrial sectors
Sector
Established Efficient
Electro-technologies
Emerging Efficient
Electro-technologies
Food industry
- MVC (liquid concentration)
- Membranes (separation)
- Electric Tubular Heat Exchanger
- Heat Pump (heat and cold)
- High Electric Pulse Fields
- High Pressure
- Ohmic Heating
Chemical
industry
- Motors for basic chemicals (v.s.
turboengines)
- heating in small processes (resitances and
induction)
- Electric Tubular Heat Exchanger
-Electric Arc Furnace (steelmaking)
- Induction in foundry
- Resistance ovens (Thermal treatments)
- Heat pumps
- Electrofilters
- MVC
- Heat pump (drying)
- Membranes in refineries and
- Electrosynthsis
- Ohmic heating
- Immersion heater
Metals
Waste
management
industry
- MVC for liquid effluents
- Recycling with arc furnace
- Vacuum furnace
- Cold plasmas for VOC treatment
- induction on activated carbon for
VOC treatment - MVC
- Membranes
- Arc furnace for vitrification
10
Final Energy Efficiency through Electro-technologies
Replacement
Technology
Membranes
MVC +
Heat Pumps
Induction
Consumption –
fossil fuel plant
(GWh)
385
Consumption –
replacement plant
(GWh)
35
Compared
utilisation
efficiency
10-12
3.220
460
6-8
6.750
2.700
2-3
µW + HF + UV
585
260
2-2,5
IR
725
415
1,5-2
Motors
2.465
1.700
1,3-1,6
Resistance
11.640
9.700
1,1-1,3
25.770
15.270
1,1-12
TOTAL
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Energy Efficiency through Electro-technologies
Steelmaking industry
Fossil Energy route
Electric route
Technology
Blast furnace
Electric Arc Furnace
Raw materials
Iron ore
« Scraps » (+ DRI + pig iron)
Quality
High
Depends on scraps quality
Investment cost
High
Much lower
Flexibility
Low
High
CO2 emission
2 tCO2/tsteel
0.1 t CO2/tsteel
12
Energy Efficiency through electro-technologies
Various energy system solutions for the same end use
Energy
source
Electricity from grid +
Heat from fossil fuel
CHP from gas
(non seasonal)
Electricity from grid
> 90% Fossil mix
Same end-use
demand (MWh)
Cumulated Energy
Demand (CED)
Electricity (light,
motors)
Heat (process)
100
Electricity (light,
motors)
Heat (process)
100
1 kWh e = 0,086 / 66% (average generation
efficiency by CHP)
100
CED = 13 + 13 = 26 tep
Electricity (light, motors)
Efficient electric process
100
<50
1 MWh e = 0,086 / 40% (electricity generation) /
90%(grid loss)
100
1 MWh th = 0,086 tep
1 MWh e = 0,086 / 40% (electricity generation) /
90% (grid loss)
CED = 23,9 + 8,6 = 32,5 tep
CED = 23,9 + 11,9 = <35,8 tep
Electricity from grid
Renewable / NFF
Electricity (light, motors)
Efficient electric process
100
<50
1 MWh e = 0,086 // 90% (grid loss)
Electricity from grid
current mix
Electricity (light, motors)
Efficient electric technique
100
25
1 MWh e = 0,086 / 52% (electricity generation) /
90% (grid loss)
CED = 9,5 + 4,8 = <14,3 tep
CED = 18,4 + 4,6 = 23 tep
1 MWh th = 0.086 tep
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Conclusion
• During the 30 last years, the use of electricity has grown while energy
intensity was decreasing in IEA countries
• The energy efficiency can be evaluated by an LCA approach with two
main impact indicators : primary energy and CO2 emissions
• Final to primary energy coefficient and CO2 emissions depend
strongly on power generation systems, then on the geographic location
and on the electricity suppliers
• Electro-technologies in industry can contribute significantly to
improve energy efficiency
• Electricity is a secondary but flexible energy. Industrial processes
need this flexibility which helps to increase productivity and product
quality.
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