Transcript Removal of Creeks and Cherokees

 Creek
Chief who resisted expansion
 Red Sticks’ attack on Fort Mims
 Sent warriors to fight frontiersman
• Burned houses, stole horses and cattle, and killed or
captured over 200 settlers
 Signed Treaty of New York
• Gave up massive amounts of Creek land in East
• Set Creek boundaries at Altamaha and Oconee
Rivers
• No whites could cross borders and Creeks must
return all runaway slaves
 http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/story/st
ory_of_chief_william_mcintosh
 Creek Chief
 Nephew of Alexander McGillivray
 Cousin of Georgia Governor George Troup
 Signed Treaty of Indian Springs
• Sold all remaining Creek land to Georgia
Government
• Signed with Governor Troup and Chief McIntosh
• Loose Creek Confederation led to his murder
http://www.gpb.org/georgiastori
es/stories/john_ross
 http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/stori
es/sequoyah
 Half British- Half Cherokee
 Developed first written language of
Cherokees (1821)
 Groups of symbols known as a Syllabary
• Not alphabet based, but syllable based.
 Took
12 years to have 85 symbols
 United Cherokee Nation with common
written and spoken language
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7th President of U.S.
Hero in War of 1812 (Battles against Creek and British)
Held the Spanish Governor of Florida captive until he
sold Florida for 5 million after the War of 1812 to “avoid
war”
Challenged Supreme Court ruling in Worchester vs.
Georgia
• Thought states should control Indian land
• “John Marshall has rendered his decision; now let
him enforce it”
Pushed for and signed Indian Removal Act
• President could negotiate removal treaties
• Designed removal to be voluntary
• Led to disputed Treaty of New Echota (Major Ridge)
 Marshall’s
Court for over 30 years
 Apposed the Indian Removal Act
 Very influential and longest serving
Chief Justice of the United States
• Shaped power of Supreme Court
• Helped establish Checks and Balances and
Separation of Powers
 Judicial Review
 Ruled on Worcester vs. Georgia
• Unintentionally backing Indian removal Act
 Cherokee Principal Chief (legitimate)
 Cherokee Capital at New Echota
 Great diplomat, orator, and leader
 Twice petitioned Congress with Cherokee
grievances (precedence)
 Apposed Ridge Party ( Treaty of New
Echota)
 Lost appeals to Congress when they
supported the Indian Removal Act
 Force hearing of Cherokee Nation vs.
Georgia and Worcester vs. Georgia.
Two arrested missionaries imprisoned in
Gwinnett County
 Followed the ruling of Cherokee Nation vs.
Georgia
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• Georgia couldn’t extend laws into Cherokee lands.
• Cherokee’s were a “dependent sovereign nation”
• Cherokee were subject to U.S. government law and not
Georgia Law
 Power of the Federal Government to regulate removal
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Backed Indian Removal Act
• Indian Nations had to agree to removal
• Led to Treaty of New Echota
 Only 500 of 17,000 Creeks signed
 Killed Ridge and his son
 http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/story/a
mericas_first_gold_rush
 2nd Major Gold rush in the U.S.
 Deciding factor that led to the Trail of Tears
 Lasted for approx. 10 years
 Many Cherokees learned to mine for gold
and moved during California Gold Rush
 Passed many Cherokee regulating laws
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Placed part of Cherokee land under state control
All Cherokee Nation laws were voided
Cherokees could not speak against whites in court
No Cherokee had a right to any gold found
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Forced relocation of Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma
and Arkansas
Took 6 months to 1 year to complete.
Traveled over 1000 miles on foot or by boat
1/3 of Cherokee nation died on Trail of Tears
Cherokees removed from N.C., Tenn., Alabama, and
Ga.
 First
approved in 1777 – first land grants given
in 1783
 Done to “strengthen the state” by bringing new
people by the state
 Each white male counted as “head” of a family
and had a “right” to receive up to 1000 acres
 200 acres plus 50 acres per person in a family
 Land given was east of the Oconee River and
taken from the Creek Indians
 System was corrupt since land was given away
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In 1795 GA’s western borders were the Mississippi River and
one of its branches the Yazoo River
South Carolina and Spain also claimed some of the land –
went to court to be settled
Before settlement, 4 companies went to Gov. Mathews and
members of the General Assembly and bribed them to pass
a bill letting the companies buy the land
Companies bought between 35 and 50 million acres at about
1 ½ cents an acre
New legislatures repealed (took back) the law
All records were burned in public in Louisville
State offered refunds to people who had bought land from
the companies
Many wanted to keep land and went to court
Federal gov’t paid over 4 million to settle the land claims
Citizens asked legislature to give up land to federal gov’t
1802 GA ceded (gave up) its land west of the Chattahochee
River to the federal gov’t for $1.25 million
 In
the space provided in your notes,
summarize the Yazoo Land Fraud using
the notes already given.
•Citizens asked legislature to give up land to federal
gov’t
•1802 GA ceded (gave up) its land west of the
Chattahochee River to the federal gov’t for $1.25 million
•Before settlement, 4 companies went to Gov. Mathews
and members of the General Assembly and bribed
them to pass a bill letting the companies buy the land
•Companies bought between 35 and 50 million acres at
about 1 ½ cents an acre
•Because of public anger, legislatures involved were
voted out of office
•Citizens wanted the State Government to give up the
Yazoo Land to the Federal Government because they
paid millions to help settle the land fraud
 Between
1805 and 1832 seven Land
Lotteries were held in GA
 The 1832 Lottery was know as the Gold
Lottery
 For a small fee, any white male over 18,
widow or orphan could buy a chance
(ticket) and on the spin of a wheel, win
land
 Almost ¾ of the land in present day GA
was given under this system
 Encompassed
15 current U.S. States
 Natural boundaries were the Rocky
Mountains and Mississippi River
 Doubled the size of the United States
 Main crops after Revolutionary War
• Cotton and Tobacco
 Panic of 1837
 Cotton gin- Most important mechanical
invention in the early 1800’s
 Railroads – Huge impact on Atlanta
 Mechanical Reaper
 UGA- “land grant university”
 First women’s college
• Georgia Female College (Wesleyan)
 First Native American
• Cherokee Phoenix
newspaper
SALMA
Colonial Capital was Savannah
During the Revolutionary War the capital was
moved to Augusta.
 Following the Population move and to keep the
capital in the center of the state the first planned
capital was built and called Louisville.
 Once again following the population move and to
keep the capital central the capital was moved to
Milledgeville.
 After the Civil War, the capital was moved for the
final time to the transportation hub of Atlanta.
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Circuit riders – ministers who went from
district to district – founded many
churches
 Bishop Richard Allen founded the African
Methodist Episcopal Church (A.M.E)
 Joseph Smith- Mormon Church
 Churches started many of the first
universities and colleges in America as a
way to train ministers
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 People
had little money to buy goods and
many businesses closed
 Banks did not have enough cash to cover
withdrawals and many banks failed.
 Many farmers and planters could not pay
the bank notes on their lands. Many lost
their farms.