Transcript University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee On

Medical Terminology
Chapter 11
The Urinary System
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Medical Terminology
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Function
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Maintaining Homeostasis
Constantly filtering blood to remove
urea and other waste products
Maintaining the proper balance of
water, salts, and other substances by
removing or reabsorbing them as
needed
Excreting the waste products via the
urine
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy & Physiology
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Urinary System
2 kidneys
 2 ureters
 1 urethra
 1 bladder
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy & Physiology
 Urine is formed in the kidneys
 Ureters carry the urine to the
bladder
 Bladder is a temporary
reservoir for the urine
 Urine is excreted through the
urethra
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy & Physiology
Function of the Kidneys
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Maintain the chemical composition of the blood by
selective secretion of solutes
Maintain blood pH, thus contributing to acid base
balance
Excretion of nitrogenous waste products of protein
metabolism, mainly urea, uric acid, and creatinine
Degrade insulin
Metabolize Vitamin D to its active form
Production of renin, erythropoietin, and
prostaglandins
Maintain plasma volume by varying the
excretion of water
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy & Physiology
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Renal
Pertaining to the kidney
Ureteral
Pertaining to the ureter
Cyst(o)
Bladder, cyst or fluid filled sac
Urethral
Pertaining to the urethra
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Anatomy & Physiology
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Kidney is encased in a fibrous capsule
Fibrous capsule provides protection
The notch or depression on the inner border
where the renal artery, renal vein, lymphatics,
and nerves enter or leave the kidney
Hilum
Pyel(o)
Renal pelvis
Funnel shaped structure located in the center
of each kidney
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy & Physiology
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Nephr(o)
Kidney
Nephron
Functional unit of kidney comprised of a
glomerulus and tubules.
Glomerulus is a cluster of blood vessels
surrounded by Bowman's capsule
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Medical Terminology
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Anatomy & Physiology
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Glomerulus
Filter for the blood
Bowman’s capsule collects the substances
that filter through the glomerular walls and
passes them through a long twisting tube.
The renal tubule is a long twisting tubule that
consists of a proximal tubule, a loop of Henle,
and a distal tubule that opens into a collecting
duct.
The function of the nephron is to filter blood
and reabsorption of the substances that the
body conserves.
Medical Terminology
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Anatomy & Physiology
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Waste products and some of remaining
water in the tubules after reabsorption
combine to become urine
This urine passes through the collecting
duct to the renal pelvis
From renal pelvis urine passes through
the ureters to the bladder
Bladder – collapsible muscular bag that
serves as a reservoir for urine
Medical Terminology
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Anatomy & Physiology
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Healthy bladder can hold 500 ml ( 1
pint) or more
Micturition, voiding, urination –
expelling urine form the bladder
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
calculates the volume of fluid filtered by
the glomeruli
Medical Terminology
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Physical Assessment – KUB
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Abdominal inspection
Auscultation
Palpation
Percussion
Medical Terminology
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Laboratory tests – Urinalysis
Color
Specific gravity
Chemicals
pH, urea, ammonia, creatinine, salts,
sugar, albumin, ketones, blood
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Medical Terminology
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Gylcosuria
Sugar in the urine
Hematuria
Blood in the urine
Proteinuria
Protein in the urine
Albuminuria
Albumin in the urine
Ketonuria
Ketones in the urine
Medical Terminology
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Microscopic study
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Body cells
Crystals
Bacteria
Pyuria
Pus in the urine
Pus – necrotic white blood cells
Medical Terminology
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Urine culture
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Urine sensitivity
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Identify pathogenic bacteria present
Antibiotic sensitivity test
Medical Terminology
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Voided specimen
Clean catch specimen
Catheterized specimen
24 hour urine collection
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Urine
Calcium
Creatinine
Medical Terminology
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Blood tests
Serum creatinine test
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Medical Terminology
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Urinary Catheterization
Catheter through urethra
Temporary or permanent drainage of
urine
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Urethral
Ureteral
Suprapubic
Nephrostomy
Medical Terminology
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Urodynamic studies
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Cystometrography
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Electromyography
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Measure bladder capacity in relation to
changing urine pressure
Evaluate the strength of the muscles used in
voiding
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Urinary Radiography
KUB X-ray (kidneys, ureters, bladder)
Intravenous pyelography (IVP)
Cystography
Urethrography
Cystourethrography
Voiding cystourethrogram
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Renal angiography
Renal arteriogram
Kidney scan (renography)
Nephrosonography
Nephrotomography
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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
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Visual examination of the bladder
Cystoscopy
Urethroscopy
Cystourethroscopy
Nephroscopy
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Pathologies
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Uropathy
Any disease of the urinary tract
Renovascular disorders
Affecting Blood vessels of the kidneys
Dysuria
Difficult or painful urination
Polyuria
Excretion of an abnormally large amount of
urine
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Pathologies
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Anuria
Absence of urination
olig(o)
Few
Oliguria
Diminished capacity to form urine
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Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Urination Patterns
Urgency
Frequency
Hesitancy
Urinary retention
Incomplete emptying of the bladder
Urinary reflex
Abnormal backward or return flow of
urine from the bladder into the ureters
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Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Continence
Ability to control bladder or bowel
function
Urinary incontinence
Inability to control urination
Enuresis
Inability to control urination
(bedwetting)
Nocturia
Excessive urination at night
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Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Nephromegaly
Enlarged kidney (unilateral, bilateral)
Uremia
Accumulation of toxic products in the
blood
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Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Acute renal failure
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Caused by
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Oliguria
Rapid accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the
blood
Nephritis
Interference with renal blood flow
Conditions that disrupt urinary output
Reversible when cause is identified and treated
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Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Chronic renal failure
Condition in which the kidney gradually
ceases to remove metabolic wastes and
excessive water from the blood.
Uremia is a major characteristic.
May lead to the need for dialysis
Kidney impairment is not reversible once
the disease progress to the end stage.
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Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Nephrotoxic
Substance that is toxic or destructive to
the kidney cells
Nephrolysis
Destruction of the kidney or freeing the
kidney from adhesions
Nephromalacia
Abnormal softening of the kidney
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Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Urethrorrhagia
Urethral hemorrhage
Urethrorrhea
Discharge from the urethra
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Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Urinary Tract Infection
Infection of one or more structures of
the urinary system
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Urinary frequency
Discomfort during urination
Backache
Fever
Blood or pus in urine
Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Septicemia
Systemic infection in which pathogens
are present in the circulating blood,
having spread from an infection in
another part of the body such as the
urinary tract
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Urethritis
Pyelonephritis
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Pathologies
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Cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder
Ureteritis
Inflammation of a ureter
Ureteropathy
Any disease of the ureter
Ureteropyelonephritis
Inflammation of ureter, renal pelvis and the
kidney
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Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney and renal
pelvis
Polycystic kidney disease
Renal disorder in which the kidneys are
enlarged and contain many cysts. Also
called polycystic renal disease.
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Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Nephritis
Inflammation and abnormal kidney function
Glomerulonephritis
Glomeruli within the kidneys are inflamed
Nephrotic syndrome
Abnormal condition of the kidney characterized
by marked proteinuria and edema
Diabetic nephropathy
Disease of the kidneys resulting from diabetes
mellitus
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Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Obstructive nephropathies
Conditions that interfere with the flow of urine
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Prolapsed adjacent structures
Tumors
Stones
Narrowing of ureters or urethra
Dysfunctions of the bladder
Hydronephrosis
Hydroureter
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Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Uterine prolapse
Loss of support that anchors the uterus,
can result in pressure on the bladder
Urethrocele
Herniation of the urethra
Cystocele
Herniation of the bladder
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Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia
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Enlargement of the prostate
Nonmalignant
Noninflammatory
Common in men over 50 years of age
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Pathologies
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Urinary stones are named according to
their location and can vary greatly in
size
Nephrolithiasis
Kidney stone
Ureterolithiasis
Presence of stones in the ureter
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Pathologies
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Ureteral or urethral stricture
Narrowing of the lumen of the ureter or
urethra
Ureteral stenosis
Urethral stenosis
Ureteralvesical junction
Pertains to ureter and bladder
Medical Terminology
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Pathologies
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Renovascular disease
Problems of the blood vessels of the
kidney
Nephrosclerosis
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Stenosis of the renal artery
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Partial or complete blocking of one or both
renal arteries
Thrombosis of the renal vein
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Hardening of the small arteries of the
kidney
Blood clot in the renal vein
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Pathologies
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Genitourinary and Urogenital
Pertains to the genitals as well as the
urinary organs
Many genitourinary infections are
sexually transmitted diseases
gon(o)
Genitals or reproduction
Gonorrhea
Infection known for its discharge
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Pathologies
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Gonococcus is the bacterium that
causes,
Gonorrhea
Inflammation of the urethra
Urethritis
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Kidney Dialysis
When kidneys fail, dialysis removes
waste products from the body
Hemodialysis
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Peritoneal dialysis
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Blood is filtered
Solution is introduced and drained from
the peritoneal cavity
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Renal transplant
Kidney is received from a suitable
donor
Nephrectomy
Surgical excision of a kidney
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Immunosuppressive therapy
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Medical Terminology
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Renal carcinoma
Cancer of the kidney
Cystectomy
Surgical excision of the bladder
Urinary diversion
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Ureterostomy
Nephrostomy
Transureteroureterostomy
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Lithotripsy
Crushing of a stone
Litholysis
Dissolving a kidney stone
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
(ESWL)
Ultrasonic energy form a source
outside the body to break up a stone
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Nephrolithotomy
Removal of kidney stones by cutting
through the body of the kidney
Pyelolithotomy
Removal of a stone from the renal pelvis
Ureterolithotomy
Removal of stone from the ureter
Cystolithotomy
Removal of stone form the bladder
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Percutaneous transluminal renal
angioplasty
Treatment for renal artery stenosis
Anticoagulant therapy
Treatment for renal vein thrombosis
Catheter dilation
Treatment for stricture of the ureter or
urethra
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Ureterectomy
Partial or complete surgical excision of
the ureter
Ureteroplasty
Surgical repair of a ureter
Cystoplasty
Surgical repair of the bladder
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Cystostomy
Formation of a new opening in the
bladder
Cystotomy
Incision of the bladder
Urethrotomy
Surgical incision of the urethra
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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TURP
Transurethral resection of the prostate
instrument passes through the urethra
to get to the prostate gland where
pieces of the prostate gland are
removed through a special instrument
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Nephroptosis: gradual downward
displacement of the kidney. Also called
floating, hypermobile, or wandering
kidney.
Nephropexy
Surgical fixation of the kidney
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Urinary incontinence
Inability to control urination
Treatment varies by the many causes
Urinary retention
May require catheterization or
medications
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Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
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Treatment for Urinary Tract Infection
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Antibiotics
Analgesics
Increased intake of fluids
Diuretics
Cause polyuria or diuresis
Urethrospasm
Antispasmodic medication to prevent
muscle spasms
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Chapter 11 The Urinary System
Class Exercises
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Medical Terminology
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What does it Mean?
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Bacteri(o)
bacteria
dipl(o)
double
glomerul(o)
glomerulus
gylcos(o)
sugar
gon(o)
genital or reproduction
Medical Terminology
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True or False
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Kidney Function
Degrade insulin
True
Excrete waste products of metabolism
True
Help maintain the chemical composition
of the blood
True
Medical Terminology
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True or False
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Kidney Function
Maintain blood pH
True
Manufacture Vitamin K
False
Produce erythropoietin
True
Vary excretion of water
True
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What does it Mean?
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Nephr(o)
kidney
nos(o)
disease
pyel(o)
renal pelvis
ren(o)
kidney
-rrhagia
hemorrhage
Medical Terminology
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What does it Mean?
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-rrhaphy
suture
-rrhexis
rupture
staphyl(o)
grape-like cluster
strept(o)
twisted
ureter(o)
ureter
Medical Terminology
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What does it Mean?
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Urethr(o)
urethra
urin(o)
urine
glycosuria
the presence of sugar in the urine
cystostomy
formation of an opening into the urinary
bladder
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What does it Mean?
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Ureterolithiasis
presence of stones in the ureter
cystorrhexis
rupture of the bladder
ketonuria
excretion of ketones in the urine
nosocomial
pertaining to or originating in a hospital
renal
pertaining to the kidney
Medical Terminology
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What does it Mean?
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Pyelitis
inflammation of the renal pelvis
lithotripsy
crushing of calculus within urinary
system or gall bladder followed by
washing out
cystoscopy
visual examination of the bladder with
an instrument that is inserted through
the urethra
Medical Terminology
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Spelling
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Ureteroskopy
ureteroscopy
urethrosel
urethrocele
urethrorhagia
urethrorrhagia
dialisis
dialysis
pyonefrosis
pyonephrosis
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Spelling
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Nefrostomy
nephrostomy
pieloplasty
pyeloplasty
nefron
nephron
Medical Terminology
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Matching
1. Inflammation of a
ureter
2. Instrument used to
visualize the bladder
3. Incision of the urinary
bladder
4. Surgical repair of the
renal pelvis
5. Suture of the lip
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A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Medical Terminology
Cheilorrhaphy
Ureteritis
Cystoscope
Pyeloplasty
Cystotomy
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Matching
1. Enlargement of the
kidney
2. Absence of urine
3. Hemorrhage from the
urethera
4. Herniation of the
bladder
5. Ultrasonic scanning of
the kidney
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A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Medical Terminology
Anuria
Urethrorrhagia
Cystocele
Nephrosonography
Nephromegaly
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Define the Term
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Cystoscopy
examination of the interior of the bladder
glomerulopathy
any disease of the filtering part of the
kidney
cardionephric
pertaining to the kidney and heart
lithotripsy
crushing of calculus within the urinary
system
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Medical Terminology
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Define the Term
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Cystoscope
instrument used to view the interior of
the bladder
polyp
growth protruding from mucous
membrane
Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)
the record obtained when a contrast
medium is injected into a vein and x-rays
are taken to observe kidney function.
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Medical Terminology
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Define the Term
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Ureteropyelitis
inflammation of a ureter and the renal
pelvis
streptococcal pharyngitis
infection of the throat caused by
streptococci
urethrocele
herniation of the urethra
polyuria
excessive urination
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Medical Terminology
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Define the Term
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Anuria
absence of urine
nephrorrhaphy
suture of the kidney
urography
radiography of the urinary system
albuminuria
presence of albumin in the urine
glycosuria
excretion of sugar in the urine
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Medical Terminology
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Define the Term
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Cystorrhexis
rupture of the bladder
nephrosonography
ultrasound of the kidney
nephrolysis
destruction of kidney tissue
dysuria
difficult urination
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
NWTC
Medical Terminology
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Define the Term
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Pyuria
pus in the urine
cystostomy
formation of a new opening into the
bladder
nephritis
inflammation of the kidney
nephrolith
kidney stone
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Medical Terminology
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Define the Term
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Glomerulonephritis
inflammation of kidney which involves the
clump of capillaries that act as filters
staphyloccoci
cocci that grow in grape like clusters
streptococci
cocci that grow in twisted chains
nephrocele
herniation of the kidney
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Medical Terminology
77
Define the Term
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Diuresis
increased urination
uremia
accumulation of waste products in the
blood
nephrectomy
removal of a kidney
ureteritis
inflammation of a ureter
NWTC
Medical Terminology
78
Matching
1. A kidney stone
2. Surgical fixation of a
floating kidney
3. Herniation of ureter
4. Surgical transplantation
of a ureter to a different
place in the bladder
5. Sugar in the urine
6. Formation of a new
opening into the bladder
NWTC
A. Cystostomy
B. Glycosuria
C. Ureterocystostomy
D. Uretorocele
E. Renal calculus
F. Nephropexy
Medical Terminology
79
What does it Mean?
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NWTC
Hematuria
blood in the urine
ureterolith
a stone in the ureter
pyeloplasty
surgical repair of the renal pelvis
nosocomial
originating in the hospital
dysuria
difficult urination
Medical Terminology
80
What does it Mean?
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NWTC
Unilateral nephromegaly
enlargement of one kidney
urethrorrhagia
hemorrhage from the urethra
nephrorrhaphy
suture of the kidney
polycystic kidney disease
the presence of many fluid filled sacs
throughout the kidney
Medical Terminology
81
What does it Do?
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NWTC
Urethra
carries urine from the bladder
ureters
carries urine to the bladder
bladder
reservoir for urine
kidneys
filters blood and excretes waste on the
form of urine
Medical Terminology
82
What does it Mean?
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NWTC
Cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
nephrolysis
destruction of kidney tissue
nephropexy
surgical fixation of a floating kidney
anuria
absence of urine
incision of the bladder
cystotomy
Medical Terminology
83
What does it Mean?
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NWTC
Spherical bacteria
cocci
rod shaped bacteria
bacilli
resection of the bladder
cystectomy
excision of a renal calculus from the
pelvis of the kidney
pyelolithotomy
Medical Terminology
84
What does it Mean?
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NWTC
Cystoplegia
paralysis of the bladder
toxemia
presence of microorganisms or their
toxins in the blood
nephrolithiasis
a condition marked by the presence of
renal calculi
Medical Terminology
85
Case Study
Last week, my neighbor Mrs. O. was
complaining of back pain, blood in her
urine, and painful urination. She went to
see the physician who specializes in
urinary problems. The physician ordered
a urine test. It was found that she had
albumin in her urine. The physician then
ordered a ultrasonic scanning of the
kidney. She was diagnosed with kidney
stones and an enlarged left kidney.
NWTC
Medical Terminology
86
Case Study
The physician spoke with Mrs. O. and
decided she needed to have the kidney
stones surgically crushed. Mrs.. O. had to
have a tube inserted into her bladder to
drain urine. Mrs. O. is now home and
happy to be with her family.
NWTC
Medical Terminology
87
Case Study
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NWTC
Dorsodynia
hematuria
dysuria
Urologist
urinalysis
albuminuria
Medical Terminology
88
Case Study
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nephrosonography
nephrolithiasis
unilateral nephromegaly
Lithotripsy
catheter
NWTC
Medical Terminology
89