Transcript Chapter 17 Section 1 - District Five Schools of

Bell Ringer

Define the following:
• Geocentric• Heliocentric-
*Use Chapter 17 Section 1!
#1
Chapter 17 Sec 1
The Scientific Revolution
Background to the Revolution
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Medieval Era• No new research
• Relied on ancient “authorities”
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Aristotle
Renaissance• Humanists knew Greek and
Latin
• Studied other “authorities”
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Ptolemy, Archimedes, Plato
Background to the Revolution
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16th & 17th c. Inventions• Telescope, Microscope, Printing Press
• Allowed for new discoveries
• Spread new ideas quickly and easily
Background to the Revolution
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16th & 17th c. Mathematicians
• Copernicus
• Kepler
• Galileo
• Newton
“Secrets of Nature are
written in the language of
mathematics”
 Developed new theories
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A Revolution in Astronomy
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Astronomy- Scientific study of the
universe
Ptolemaic System
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Ptolemy- 2nd c. astronomer
• Geocentric- earth centered
• Series of concentric (one inside the other)
spheres
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Earth is fixed/motionless at the center
• Spheres are made of a crystal-like/transparent
substance
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Heavenly bodies/pure orbs of light are embedded
• 10th sphere- “prime mover” moved the other
spheres
• Beyond- Heaven and God
Ptolemaic System
Copernicus and Kepler
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Copernicus- 16th c. mathematician
•
•
•
•
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Heliocentric- sun-centered
Planets revolve around the sun (one year)
The moon revolves around earth
Earth rotates on a daily axis
Kepler- 17th c. mathematician
• Laws of Planetary Motion
Elliptical (egg shaped) orbits around the sun
 Sun is located at the end of the ellipse, not
the middle
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Geocentric v. Heliocentric
Galileo
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Galileo- 17th c.
mathematician
• Used the telescope to
discover
Mountains on the moon
 4 moons revolving
around Jupiter
 Sunspots
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• Planets are material,
not just orbs of light
Galileo and the Catholic Church
Church ordered Galileo to abandon the
Copernican idea.
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Threatened Catholic
thinking
“Contradicted” the Bible
• Heavens no longer
spiritual body of matter
• Humans no longer center of
the universe
• God isn’t in a physical
location
Newton
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Newton- 17th c.
mathematician
• Three Laws of Motion
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Planets and objects on Earth
• Universal Law of
Gravitation
Gravity- force of attraction
 Every object in the universe is
attracted to every other
object
 Planetary orbits
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Bell Ringer
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Identify the following:
a. Robert Boyleb. Francis Bacon-
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Use Chapter 17 Section 1!
#2
Chapter 17 Sec 1
The Scientific Revolution
Medicine and Chemistry
Middle Ages- relied on animal
dissection, not human
th c.
 Andreas Vesalius- 16
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• Dissected the human body
• Two types of blood
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William Harvey- 17th c.
• Heart circulates blood through
body
• Same blood
Medicine and Chemistry
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Robert Boyle- 17th c. Chemist
• Conducted controlled experiments
• Boyle’s Law = volume of a gas depends
on pressure
• Named chemical elements
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Antoine Lavoisier- 18th c.
• Named chemical elements
Women and the Origins of
Modern Science

Margaret Cavendish- 17th c.
Scientist
• Humans could not control
nature through science
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Maria Winkelmann- 17th c.
Astronomer
• Discovered a comet
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Both women were going
against the gender norms for
women of the time
Descartes and Reason
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Rene Descartes- 17th c.
Philosopher
• Discourse on Method, 1637
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“ I think, therefore I am”
• A person can only be sure of his/her existence
• The mind cannot be doubted
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Separation of Mind and Matter
• Body and material world can be doubted
• Mind is undoubting, therefore separate
• Rationalism- reason is the chief
source of knowledge
The Scientific Method
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Francis Bacon- 17th c. English
Philosopher
• Scientific Method- A system for
collecting and analyzing data
• Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
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Inductive Reasoning• particular facts  general theory
• Observe and experiment to test
hypothesis
• Wanted science to benefit industry,
agriculture, and trade
Bell Ringer

Identify the following:
• John Locke-
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Use Chapter 17 Section 2!
#3
Chapter 17 Sec 2
The Enlightenment
Path to Enlightenment
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Enlightenment- 18th c.
philosophical movement
• Influenced by the Scientific Revolution
• Used reason- the application of the
scientific method to an understanding of
all life
Path to Enlightenment
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Influenced by:
• Isaac Newton- 17th c. mathematician
The physical world (and everything in it)
was like a machine
 If you can understand how it works, you
can understand how human society works
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Path to Enlightenment
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Influenced by:
• John Locke- 17th c. philosopher
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Tabula Rasa- everyone is born with a blank
slate/mind
• People are molded/shaped by their experiences
• If environments change, people change
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Natural Laws/Rights- Rights/Privileges
people are born with
• Life, Liberty, Property
• Inalienable- cannot be taken away by the
government
Philosophers and Their Ideas
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Philosophe (FEE luh ZAWF)Enlightenment
intellectuals/
philosophers
• Writers, professors,
journalists, economists,
social reformers
• Nobility and middle class
• Change the world, make it
better
• Many had differing
opinions
Philosophers- Montesquieu
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Baron de Montesquieu- 18th c.
French philosopher
• 3 basic kinds of government:
Republics- suitable for small states
 Despotism- appropriate for large states
 Monarchies- ideal for moderate-size states
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Philosophers- Montesquieu
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3 Branches of Government
• Executive (monarch)
• Legislative (parliament)
• Judicial (court system)
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Separation of Powers- branches limit
and control each other through checks
and balances
• Prevents one person or group from gaining too
much power
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Influenced the US Constitution
Philosophers- Voltaire
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Voltaire- 18th c. philosopher
• Wrote pamphlets, novels, plays, letters,
essays, and histories
• Criticized Christianity
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Called for religious tolerance
Philosophers- Voltaire
• Deism- 18th c. religious philosophy based on
reason and natural law
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A machine (God) created the universe
Universe was like a clock (based on Newton)
God created it, set it, and let it run without
interference according to the natural laws/rights
Philosophers- Diderot
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Denis Diderot- 18th c. French philosopher
• Encyclopedia: Classified Dictionary of the
Sciences, Arts, and Trades
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28 volumes (books)
Change people’s way of thinking
• Attacked religious superstition
• Supported religious toleration
• Called for social, legal, and political
improvements
• Helped spread the idea of Enlightenment
Bell Ringer
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Identify the following:
• Adam Smith-
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Define the following:
• Laissez-faire-
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Use Chapter 17 Section 2!
#4
Chapter 17 Sec 2
The Enlightenment
New Social Science
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Economics
• Adam Smith- 18th c. economist
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Laissez-faire (LEH SAY FEHR)- “to let (people) do
(what they want)”
• If individuals are free to pursue their own
economic self-interest, all of society would benefit
• The government should not interrupt/interfere
with the natural economic forces
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Government only has three roles:
• Protect society from an invasion
• Defend citizens from injustice
• Maintain infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc)
New Social Science
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Political Science
• Middle Ages and Renaissance
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Punishments were cruel and harsh to deter
criminal activity
• Cesare Beccaria- 18th c. philosopher
Punishment shouldn’t be brutal
 No capital punishment
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• Death penalty
Later Enlightenment
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau- 18th c.
philosopher
• Social Contract Theory- through a
social contract, an entire society agrees
to be governed by its general will
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Govern (rule) with the consent (permission)
of the governed (ruled)
• Education, reason, and emotions were
important to human development
Rights of Women
Women were believed to be inferior
to men
th c. writer
 Mary Wollstonecraft- 18
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• Men should not have power over women
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Just like a monarch shouldn’t have power
over its citizens
• Women use reason
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Entitles them to the same rights as men
• Equal rights- education, economics, and
politics
Religion in the Enlightenment
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John Wesley- 18th c. Anglican
minister
• Founded the Methodist Church
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Protestant
• Taught religion in an
understandable/relatable style
• Lower and middle class English
Bell Ringer
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#5
Identify the five nations that fought
in the Seven Years War.
Use Chapter 17 Section 3!
Chapter 17 Sec 3
The Impact of the
Enlightenment
7 Years War- Alliances
France, Austria, and Russia
 Britain and Prussia
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War in Europe
British/Prussians v. Austrians/Russians/French
1756-1763
 Few battles, but
ended in a
stalemate
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• Equally matched
opponents

All borders
remained the
same
War in India
Britain v. France
 1756-1763
 British won due to
persistence
(determination)
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French gave their
territory to Britain
• Treaty of Paris,
1763
7 Years War in the Americas
(French and Indian War)
Britain v. French/Native Americans
 1756-1763
 British• 13 prosperous colonies on the Eastern Seaboard
• Agriculture and Trade
• Highly populated (1 million people)
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French• Canada and Louisiana Territory
• Used for trading of fur, leather, fish, and timber
• Low population
7 Years War in the Americas
(French and Indian War)
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Two disputed areas
• Gulf of St. Lawrence
• Ohio River Valley
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French gained Native American support
due to trade relationships
England put most of its resources into the
colonial war
Several battles led to a British victory
French gave their territory to Britain
• Treaty of Paris, 1763
Bell Ringer
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What army did General George
Washington command?
Use Chapter 17 Section 4
#6
Chapter 17 Sec 4
Colonial Empires and the
American Revolution
The American Revolution

After 7 Years War/French and Indian
War
• Great Britain needed money
Pay war debts
 Fund troops remaining in North America

• Stamp Act- 1765
Required a stamp on printed materials (legal
documents, newspapers, etc.)
 Most opposed tax

• Fueled the American Revolution
The American Revolution
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Lexington and Concord, 1775
• First shots of the American Revolution
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Second Continental Congress
• 1775
Formed the Continental Army
 Led by George Washington
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• July 4, 1776
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Approved the Declaration of
Independence
The American Revolution
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The colonies relied on aid from other
nations
• France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic
• Wanted revenge for earlier losses
• Britain was faced with another global war
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Yorktown, 1781
• Britain surrenders to Colonists and French
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Treaty of Paris, 1783
• Ended the American Revolution
New Nation
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Articles of Confederation
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1781
First form of government
Too weak
Gave too much power to states and not
enough to the federal government
Constitution
• 1788
• Second (and current) form of government
New Nation
Constitution (Cont.)
 Federal System
• Shared power between federal and state
governments
• Federal government

Three Branches
• Executive (President)
• Legislative (Congress- House of Reps and Senate)
• Judicial (Supreme Court)
Separation of Powers
 Checks and Balances
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New Nation
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Bill of Rights
• 1789
• First 10 Amendments to the Constitution
• Freedom of religion, speech, press,
petition, and assembly
• Right to bear arms and protection from
unlawful searches and arrests
• Trial by jury, due process, and
protection of property
Enlightenment Impact
Monarch shouldn’t have complete
control over the nation
 Equal representation in the
legislature
 Natural Rights (John Locke)
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• Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness
Separation of Powers
 Social Contract
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Summarize it!
The Enlightenment and the American
Revolution
Separation of
Powers
Liberty
Equality
Democracy
Popular
Sovereignty
Human Rights
Constitutionalism
Nationalism