Transcript Chapter 14 Section 1 - District Five Schools of

WEDNESDAY
1.22
Bell Ringer
#1
• Locate the following:
a. The Netherlands are located east of ____ and within the
borders of ____.
• Define the following:
a. Divine Right of Kings-
*Use Chapter 14, Sections 1 and 2!
Chapter 14 Sections 1 & 2
Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion
&
Social Crisis, War, and Revolution
France
• 1560- Calvinists and Catholics were
militant (combative)
– Win converts
– Eliminate other’s authority
• Huguenots (HYOO guh NAWTS)- French
Protestants
– 7% of total population
– 40-50% of the nobility
– Powerful threat to the Crown
• 1598- Edict of Nantes by King Henry IV
– Catholicism became the official religion of
France
– Huguenots gained freedom to worship
and kept political rights
Spain
• 1556-1598- King Phillip II
– Supporter of militant Catholicism
– Wanted to unify Spanish territory
in Spain, the Netherlands, Italy,
and the Americas
• Each nation/territory resisted the
Spanish control
• Many refused to convert to
Catholicism
– Spain went bankrupt due to
military spending
– Out-of-date military
– Inefficient government
England
• 1558- Queen Elizabeth I
– England became the leader of the Protestant
nations of Europe
• Act of Supremacy- Supreme leader of the church and
government
• Moderate Protestantism- Kept Protestants and
Catholics happy
– Attempted to balance the power between
France and Spain
• If one nation seemed to gain power, England would
support the weaker nation
– 1588- Phillip II of Spain ordered an armada
(fleet of warships) to invade England
• Lost battles against the English fleet
• Many ships sank off the coast of Ireland and Scotland
due to storms
The Thirty Years War
• 1555- Peace of Augsburg
– Allowed Germans to choose
between Catholicism and
Lutheranism
– Did not include Calvinism
(newest form of Protestantism)
• 1618- Began in the Holy
Roman Empire
– Started as a religious war
• Germany v. HRE
– Soon became political
• Denmark, Sweden, France, and
Spain joined
The Thirty Years War
• All fighting took place in
Germany
• France emerged as the
dominant European nation
• 1648- War ended
– Freedom of religion in Germany
– Holy Roman Empire is dissolved
• Over 300 states were recognized
as independent nations
Revolutions in England
• 1603- King James I
(Elizabeth I’s cousin)
– Divine Right of Kings- kings
receive their power from
God and are responsible
only to God
– Parliament- group of
representatives of English
citizens
• Crown and Parliament ruled
together
Revolutions in England
• 1688- William and Mary
– Glorious Revolution led to the
English Bill of Rights
• Parliament’s right to make laws,
impose taxes, and declare war
• Citizens rights to keep arms and trial
by jury
• Government based on rule of law
(everyone must obey the law) and
constitutional monarchy (king is
head of country but laws are made by
parliament)
• Destroys the divine right theory
Label major European countries and
color code them by individual religion.
1. Label your map “European Religions Circa 1560”
2. Using the maps on page RA10, 431 & 432 of your text, label
the following countries (use black or standard pencil):
Spain, France, England, Italy (Italian States)
3. Using the map on page 431, label the Netherlands.
4. And, OUTLINE & label the Holy Roman Empire Boundary in
RED.
5. Make a legend for the following countries in the white
space.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Catholic- Yellow
Lutheran- Orange
Calvinist-Blue
Anglican- Green
THURSDAY
1.23
Bell Ringer
• Define the following:
a. Absolutism-
•
Identify the following:
a. Thomas Hobbesb. John Locke-
*Use Chapter 14, Section 3-4!
#2
Chapter 14 Sec 3-4(ish)
& Not in Textbook
Response to Crisis: Absolutism
and
The World of European Culture
Response to Crisis
• Absolutism- political system
where a ruler has total
power
–
–
–
–
Monarchs gained strength
Divine right of kings
Tremendous power
Caused by the weakening of
the church during the
Renaissance and Reformation
• Louis XIV of France
• Frederick William the Great
Elector of Prussia
• Peter the Great of Russia
Four Theories of Government
• 4 theories of government
emerged due to Absolutism
– Force Theory
– Evolutionary Theory
– Divine Right Theory
– Social Contract Theory
Force Theory
• A person or a small group claimed control over land
and forced all within to submit to his/their rule
– Citizens don’t have a choice
Evolutionary Theory
• State developed naturally out of early family
dynamics.
– “Head” of the family was the first stage of political
development
Divine Right Theory
• Theory that God created the state and that God
gave those of “royal birth” the right to rule.
– Monarchy
Social Contract Theory
• An agreement or contract between the people and
the government.
Social Contract Theory
• Thomas Hobbs- 1651
– People give up their right to be governed
– The government will protect people’s rights
• John Locke- 1690
– Natural Rights- Life, Liberty, and Property
• Inalienable- cannot be taken away by the
government
– The government protects the people’s rights
and the people act reasonably toward the
government
– If the government does not hold up its end of
the deal, the people will have the right to
overthrow the government
– Inspired the American Declaration of
Independence and the US Constitution
Theories of Government Practice
• Write a short story for each theory of
government that accurately demonstrates the
theory.
• 25 points each
• No less than 5 sentences each
• Should have a beginning and an end
Example:
• John and Mari were best friends for several years.
They started dating when the were sophomores
in high school and attended college together.
After college, they moved to Podunk, USA and
started a beef cattle farm. Their closest neighbor
was 25 miles away. However, as time passed and
John and Mari were now in their 50s, the town
had grown to 25 families. The families regarded
John as it’s community leader because he was the
first person to live there and he was the oldest.
They always turned to him in times of need and
crisis (such as a drought).
FRIDAY
1.24
Bell Ringer
• Define the following:
– Geocentric– Heliocentric-
*Use Chapter 17 Section 1!
#3
Chapter 17 Section 1
The Scientific Revolution
Background to the Revolution
• Medieval Era– No new research
– Relied on ancient “authorities”
• Aristotle
• Renaissance– Humanists knew Greek and Latin
– Studied other “authorities”
• Ptolemy, Archimedes, Plato
Background to the Revolution
• 16th & 17th c. Inventions– Telescope, Microscope,
Printing Press
– Allowed for new discoveries
– Spread new ideas quickly and
easily
Background to the Revolution
• 16th & 17th c. Mathematicians
– Copernicus
– Kepler
– Galileo
– Newton
• “Secrets of Nature are written in
the language of mathematics”
• Developed new theories
A Revolution in Astronomy
• Astronomy- Scientific study of the universe
Ptolemaic System
• Ptolemy- 2nd c. astronomer
– Geocentric- earth centered
– Series of concentric (one inside the
other) spheres
• Earth is fixed/motionless at the center
– Spheres are made of a crystallike/transparent substance
• Heavenly bodies/pure orbs of light are
embedded
– 10th sphere- “prime mover” moved the
other spheres
– Beyond- Heaven and God
Ptolemaic System
Copernicus and Kepler
• Copernicus- 16th c. mathematician
– Heliocentric- sun-centered
– Planets revolve around the sun
(one year)
– The moon revolves around earth
– Earth rotates on a daily axis
• Kepler- 17th c. mathematician
– Laws of Planetary Motion
• Elliptical (egg shaped) orbits
around the sun
• Sun is located at the end of the
ellipse, not the middle
Geocentric v. Heliocentric
Galileo
• Galileo- 17th c.
mathematician
– Used the telescope to discover
• Mountains on the moon
• 4 moons revolving around Jupiter
• Sunspots
– Planets are material, not just
orbs of light
Galileo and the Catholic Church
• Church ordered Galileo to abandon the
Copernican idea.
• Threatened Catholic thinking
• “Contradicted” the Bible
– Heavens no longer spiritual body
of matter
– Humans no longer center of the
universe
– God isn’t in a physical location
Newton
• Newton- 17th c.
mathematician
– Three Laws of Motion
• Planets and objects on Earth
– Universal Law of Gravitation
• Gravity- force of attraction
• Every object in the universe is
attracted to every other
object
• Planetary orbits
MONDAY
1.27
Bell Ringer
• Identify the following:
a. Robert Boyleb. Francis Bacon-
• Use Chapter 17 Section 1!
#4
Chapter 17 Section 1
The Scientific Revolution
Medicine and Chemistry
• Middle Ages- relied on animal
dissection, not human
• 16th Century
– Dissected the human body
– Two types of blood
• 17th Century
– Heart circulates blood through body
– Same blood
Medicine and Chemistry
• Robert Boyle- 17th c.
Chemist
– Conducted controlled
experiments
– Boyle’s Law = volume of a gas
depends on pressure
– Named chemical elements
Women and Science
• Margaret Cavendish- 17th c.
Scientist
– Humans could not control
nature through science
• Maria Winkelmann- 17th c.
Astronomer
– Discovered a comet
• Both women were going
against the gender norms for
women of the time
Descartes and Reason
• Rene Descartes- 17th c.
Philosopher
– Discourse on Method, 1637
• “ I think, therefore I am”
– A person can only be sure of his/her
existence
– The mind cannot be doubted
• Separation of Mind and Matter
– Body and material world can be
doubted
– Mind is undoubting, therefore separate
– Rationalism- reason is the chief
source of knowledge
The Scientific Method
• Francis Bacon- 17th c. English Philosopher
– Scientific Method- A system for collecting and analyzing
data
– Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
• Inductive Reasoning– particular facts  general theory
– Observe and experiment to test hypothesis
– Wanted science to benefit industry, agriculture, and
trade
TUESDAY
1.28
Bell Ringer
• Identify the following:
– John Locke-
• Use Chapter 17 Section 2!
#5
Chapter 17 Section 2
The Enlightenment
Path to Enlightenment
• Enlightenment- 18th c. philosophical movement
– Influenced by the Scientific Revolution
– Used reason- the application of the scientific method to
an understanding of all life
Path to Enlightenment
• Influenced by:
– Isaac Newton- 17th c. mathematician
• The physical world (and everything in it) was like a machine
• If you can understand how it works, you can understand how
human society works
Path to Enlightenment
• Influenced by:
– John Locke- 17th c. philosopher
• Tabula Rasa- everyone is born with a blank
slate/mind
– People are molded/shaped by their
experiences
– If environments change, people change
• Natural Laws/Rights- Rights/Privileges
people are born with
– Life, Liberty, Property
– Inalienable- cannot be taken away by the
government
Philosophers
• Philosophe (FEE luh ZAWF)- Enlightenment intellectuals/
philosophers
–
–
–
–
Writers, professors, journalists, economists, social reformers
Nobility and middle class
Change the world, make it better
Many had differing opinions
Philosophers- Montesquieu
• Baron de Montesquieu- 18th c. French philosopher
– 3 basic kinds of government:
• Republics- suitable for small states
• Despotism- appropriate for large states
• Monarchies- ideal for moderate-size states
Philosophers- Montesquieu
• 3 Branches of Government
– Executive (monarch/president)
– Legislative (parliament/congress)
– Judicial (court system/Supreme Court)
• Separation of Powers- branches
limit and control each other through
checks and balances
– Prevents one person or group from
gaining too much power
• Influenced the US Constitution
Philosophers- Voltaire
• Voltaire- 18th c. philosopher
– Wrote pamphlets, novels, plays, letters, essays, and histories
– Criticized Christianity
• Called for religious tolerance
Philosophers- Voltaire
• Deism- 18th c. religious
philosophy based on
reason and natural law
– A machine (God) created
the universe
– Universe was like a clock
(based on Newton)
– God created it, set it, and
let it run without
interference according to
the natural laws/rights
Philosophers- Diderot
• Denis Diderot- 18th c. French philosopher
– Encyclopedia: Classified Dictionary of the
Sciences, Arts, and Trades
• 28 volumes
• Change people’s way of thinking
– Attacked religious superstition
– Supported religious toleration
– Called for social, legal, and political
improvements
– Helped spread the idea of Enlightenment
FRIDAY
1.31
Bell Ringer
• Identify the following:
– Adam Smith-
• Define the following:
– Laissez-faire-
• Use Chapter 17 Section 2!
#6
Chapter 17 Section 2
The Enlightenment
New Social Science
• Economics
– Adam Smith- 18th c. economist
• Laissez-faire (LEH SAY FEHR)- “to let
(people) do (what they want)”
– If individuals are free to pursue
their own economic self-interest,
all of society would benefit
– The government should not
interrupt/interfere with the
natural economic forces
• Government only has three roles:
– Protect society from an invasion
– Defend citizens from injustice
– Maintain infrastructure (roads,
bridges, etc)
New Social Science
• Political Science
– Middle Ages and Renaissance
• Punishments were cruel and harsh to deter criminal activity
– Enlightenment Era
• Punishment shouldn’t be brutal
• No capital punishment
– Death penalty
Later Enlightenment
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau18th c. philosopher
– Social Contract Theorythrough a social contract, an
entire society agrees to be
governed by its general will
• Govern (rule) with the consent
(permission) of the governed
(ruled)
– Education, reason, and
emotions were important to
human development
Rights of Women
• Women were believed to be
inferior to men
• Mary Wollstonecraft- 18th c.
writer
– Men should not have power
over women
• Just like a monarch shouldn’t have
power over its citizens
– Women use reason
• Entitles them to the same rights
as men
– Equal rights- education,
economics, and politics
Religion in the Enlightenment
• John Wesley- 18th c. Anglican minister
– Founded the Methodist Church
• Protestant
– Taught religion in an understandable/relatable style
– Lower and middle class English
Bell Ringer
#7
• Describe Mary Wollstonecraft’s impact on the
Enlightenment.
• Use Chapter 17 Section 2!
Bell Ringer
#8
1. Turn in completed Bell Ringer chart.
2. Turn in Study Guide (if completed).
3. Get out extra credit (hold it until I collect
them). Make sure you name is on all 3 cards!
4. Prepare for your 2nd test!!!!!
Chapter 17 Sec 3
The Impact of the Enlightenment
7 Years War- Alliances
• France, Austria, and Russia
• Britain and Prussia
War in Europe
British/Prussians v. Austrians/Russians/French
• 1756-1763
• Few battles, but ended
in a stalemate
– Equally matched
opponents
• All borders remained
the same
War in India
Britain v. France
• 1756-1763
• British won due to
persistence (determination)
• French gave their
territory to Britain
– Treaty of Paris, 1763
7 Years War in the Americas
(French and Indian War)
Britain v. French/Native Americans
• 1756-1763
• British– 13 prosperous colonies on the Eastern Seaboard
– Agriculture and Trade
– Highly populated (1 million people)
• French– Canada and Louisiana Territory
– Used for trading of fur, leather, fish, and timber
– Low population
7 Years War in the Americas
(French and Indian War)
• Two disputed areas
– Gulf of St. Lawrence
– Ohio River Valley
• French gained Native American support due to trade
relationships
• England put most of its resources into the colonial
war
• Several battles led to a British victory
• French gave their territory to Britain
– Treaty of Paris, 1763