Transcript Research Theme - Prince of Songkla University

Benchmarking of Biodiesel Fuel
Standards in East Asia
Shinichi Goto, Ph.D
E-mail:[email protected]
Research Center for New Fuels and Vehicle Technology (NFV),
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
Namiki 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8564, JAPAN
ＤＭＥ Vehicle
ＢＤＦ Mini Bus
Collab. Res. Center
Engine Test Facilities in AIST
Vehicle Test Circuit
Engine Test Cell
Fuel Spray
Test Cell
Fuel and
Exhaust Gas
Test Equip.
Introduction of ERIA Energy Project
East Asia Summit Project:
JETRO:JAPAN EXTERNAL TRADE ORGANIZATION
=> ERIA: Economic Research Institute
for ASEAN and East Asia
Working groups:
 Analysis of Energy Saving Potential in East Asia
(IEE: Institute of Energy Economics, Japan)
 Sustainable Biomass Utilization Vision
in East Asia (AIST)
 Standardization of Biodiesel Fuel for Vehicle
in East Asia (AIST)
2
Presentation Outline

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Policy Relevance
Background
Objectives
Procedure
Members
Schedule
Standardization activity
2
Policy Relevance
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The importance of biofuels has been recognized in the Cebu
Declaration on East Asian Energy Security on 15 January 2007, in
which the standardization was encouraged for practical use.
In order to contribute to the promotion of biofuels in East Asian
countries, Japan announced “Fueling Asia-Cooperation: Initiative
for Clean Energy and Sustainable Growth”, which included the
promotion of biomass energy. It was welcomed by all
participating countries.
Energy Cooperation Task Force (ECTF) proposed launching a
study on BDF standards to discuss the concrete measures.
The 1st EAS Energy Misters’ meeting(EMM1) was held in
Singapore on 23 August 2007. The importance of BDF standards
was mentioned in the joint statement. 2nd East Asia Summit
Source : The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
5
Background (1)


The Kyoto Protocol emphasized the concept of ‘carbon neutral’ that vehicle emissions (CO2) are offset by using biofuels
produced from plant materials absorbing CO2. The use of
biofuels contributes to the prevention of global warming.
Asian countries are actively promoting the introduction of
biofuels due to soaring oil prices and increased energy
consumption. The utilization of biofuels is also important from
the viewpoint of energy security and alternative fuels.
ISV
Palm
Jatropha
Rapeseed
Coconut
Soybean
Gb/a : Giga barrels of oil equivalent per annum
6
Background (2)


The low-quality biodiesel fuel (BDF) raises serious
concerns regarding the effect on engine performance
caused by fuel impurities and the oxidation.
It is anticipated that BDF standards will be
established in each country to promote more
distribution in the region.
Mechanical defects caused by using BDF
Injector
(source : JAMA)
Fuel tank
(source: Fuel Policy Subcommittee)
Engine
(source: JAMA)
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Objectives



Develop a common agreement for BDF standardization
Support the formulation of BDF standards in line with the
conditions in each country
Facilitate the distribution of good-quality BDF and stabilize
the economic infrastructure
Introduction of BDF
Country
Mixing rate
Feedstocks
Strategy/ Goal
Malaysia
2-5%
Palm
National Biofuel Policy, 2006 / B5
Indonesia
-
Palm
National Energy Program / BDF usage 47 million kL in 2025
Thailand
5%
Palm
Biodiesel Development and Promotion Strategy /
Enforce nationwide B2 in April, 2008
B5 in 2011,
B10 in 2012
Philippines
1%
100%
Coconut
Biofuel Strategy 2006 / BDF mixing rate 1% in 3 months,
2% in 2 years
India
5%
Jatropha
Jatropha BDF demonstration 2005-2007
Jatropha BDF introduction2011-2012
China
5%
20%
Used food oil
Jatropha
now under consideration in BDF standardization
‘No. 5 Eco Fuel Use Promotion Meeting’, Document 2-2, Ministry of the Environment
8
Procedure




Share the same recognition concerning the importance of
ensuring BDF quality and the basic measurements for BDF
standardization
Study the characteristics of BDF and current situation in each
country, and gather the necessary information in order to
formulate BDF standards
Focus on Japanese standards (BDF5%) as a typical example
Japan Automobile Manufactures Association and Petroleum
Association of Japan agree to cooperate on this activity
Working Group
To agree common FAME standards
Research and Survey
FAME Database
9
Members (1) Host Country
・Japan
Dr. Shinichi Goto, WG Leader
Director, Research Center for New Fuels and Vehicle Technology (NFV),
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
Mr. Yasunori Takei, Representative of Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA)
Toyota Motor Corporation
Dr. Takashi Hoshino, Representative of Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA)
Isuzu Motors Limited
Prof. Koji Yamane
University of Shiga Prefecture
Mr. Akio Imai, Representative of Petroleum Association of Japan (PAJ)
Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K.
Dr. Mitsuharu Oguma
Research Center for New Fuels and Vehicle Technology (NFV),
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
10
Members (2) Participating Countries
・Australia
Dr. Lesley Dowling and Dr. Daniel Sheedy
Fuel and Used Oil Policy Section, Department
of Environment and Water Resources
・China
Prof. Wugao Zhang
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
・India
Dr. O.S. Tyagi (to be confirmed)
Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP),
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
(CSIR)
・Indonesia
Dr. Tatang Hernas Soerawidjaja
Chairman, Indonesian Biodiesel Forum/
Head, Center for Research on Natural
Resource Utilization, Institut Teknologi
Bandung
・Malaysia
Mr. Harrison Lau Lik Nang, Research Officer,
Engineering and Processing Research Div.
Malaysia Palm Oil Board (MPOB)
・New Zealand
Ms. Philippa Blunden
Policy Analyst, Fuels & Crown Resources
Group, Ministry of Economic Development
・Philippines
Ms. Zenada Ygnacio Monsada
Oil Industry Management Bureau,
Department of Energy
・Singapore (to be confirmed)
Dr. Rong Yan,
Institute of Environmental Science and
Engineering, Nanyang Technological
University
・South Korea
Dr. Young Jae Lee, Leader,
Transportation Energy Research Center
Korea Institute of Energy Research
・Thailand
Ms. Peesamai Jenvanitpanjakul
Deputy Governor (R&D), Thailand Institute of
Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR)
・Vietnam
Ms. Hoang Thi Tinh (to be confirmed)
Vietnam Standards and Quality Center,
Directorate for Standards and Quality
(STAMEQ)
*in alphabetical order
11
Schedule
2007
Jul.
EAS-related
meetings
Sep.
Aug. 23, EAS Energy Ministers
Mtg. (Singapore)
Aug. 26, EAS Economic Ministers
Mtg. (Philippines)
Interim
report
ERIA
Project
WG 1st
July 17-18
Japan
Understanding on
the importance of
ensuring BDF quality
・ Characteristics of BDF
• The effect on vehicle
performance
• Japanese quality
standards
Nov. 21, EAS
(Singapore)
Interim
report
WG 2nd
Oct. 2-3
Thailand
Study on current
situation
in each country
• The political climate
• Represent current
BDF Specification
Proposal for common
standards
2008
Jan.
Nov.
TENTATIVE
WG 3rd
Nov. 29-30
Japan
Proposal for common
standards
• Site tour of Kyoto
city BDF plant
Final
report
WG 4th
Feb.
Australia
(Tentative)
Summarize
BDF standardization
Report
・Final adjustment
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Standardization activity (1)
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Based on EN standard (EN14214)
・ Cover a whole of negative factor in FAME
Consideration of various materials
・ Coconut FAME
: Viscosity and Flashpoint
・ Soybean FAME
: Iodine number
Oxidation stability
・ Critical impact on metal tanks
・ Metal tanks are popular for vehicles in Asia
・ Oxidation stability of 10 hours prevented metal tank
corrosion in Japanese conformity test
Polyunsaturated FAME
・ Mainly included in fish oil
・ Risk of sludge formation
・ Measurement method hasn’t developed yet
・ JASO* standard: “Not Detected”
*JASO : Japan Automotive Standard Organization
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Standardization activity (2)
About harmonized specification
Items
Ester content
Density
Viscosity
Flashpoint
Sulfur content
Distillation property
Carbon residue (100%)
Carbon residue (10%)
Cetane number
Sulfated ash
Water content
Total contamination
Copper corrosion
Acid value
Oxidation stability
Iodine value
Methyl Linolenate
Polyunsaturated FAME
Methanol content
Monoglyceride content
Diglyceride content
Triglyceride content
Free glycerol content
Total glycerol content
Na+K
Ca+Mg
Phosphorous content
U.S.
ASTM D6751-07a
mass%
－
kg/m3
－
mm2/s
1.9-6.0
℃
>130
mass%
<0.0015
℃
<360 (T90)
mass%
<0.05
mass%
－
>47
mass%
<0.02
mg/kg
<0.05[vol%]
mg/kg
－
No.3
mgKOH/g
<0.5
hr.
>3
－
mass%
－
Mass%
－
mass%
<0.2
mass%
－
mass%
－
mass%
－
mass%
<0.02
mass%
<0.24
mg/kg
<5
mg/kg
<5
mg/kg
<10
Units
EU
EN14214
>96.5
0.86-0.9
3.5-5.0
>120
<0.001
－
－
<0.3
>51
<0.02
<500
<24
Class-1
<0.5
>6
<120
<12
<1
<0.2
<0.80
<0.2
<0.2
<0.02
<0.25
<5
<5
<10
(*) Equivalent to diesel oil
(**) Meet diesel oil specification
Brazil
ANP255
－
(*)
(*)
>100
<0.001
<360 (T95)
<0.05
－
>45
<0.02
<0.050[vol%]
－
No.1
<0.80
>6
Reported
－
－
<0.5
<1.0
<0.25
<0.25
<0.02
<0.38
<10
－
<10
JASO
JASO M360
>96.5
0.86-0.9
3.5-5.0
>120
<0.001
－
－
<0.3
>51
<0.02
<500
<24
Class-1
<0.5
(**)
<120
<12
N.D.
<0.2
<0.80
<0.2
<0.2
<0.02
<0.25
<5
<5
<10
Specification on ERIA PJ
Oct.3.2007(Tentative)
>96.5
0.860 - 0.900
2.0-5.0
>100
<0.0010
－
－
<0.3
>51
<0.02
<500
<24
Class-1
<0.5
>10 (***)
Reported
<12
N.D. (***)
<0.2
<0.80
<0.2
<0.2
<0.02
<0.25
<5
<5
<10
(***) Need data check and further discussion
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Effects of Oxidation Stability
on Fuel Tank Corrosion
TEST: 2000hr TEST with 8hr (60℃）and 16hr (Normal Temp.) interval
Test Fuel: Commercial diesel fuel blended 5%FAME
Lower
Upper
Oxy. Stab
of B100
: 6 Hrs
Test Fuel: Same FAME above with 400ppm of anti-oxidant (20ppm as B5)
Lower
Upper
Oxy. Stab
of B100
: 10 Hrs
Source:METI FAME conformity Test
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Influence of Antioxidant on PME
Antioxidant : Buthyl Hydroxy Toluene
stability[h][h]
Oxidationstability
Oxidation
20
15
10
5
0
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
Antioxidant concentration [ppm]
0
0.06
0.12
0.18
0.24
Cost of antioxidant [JPY/L]
0.3
Upgrading of Oxidation Stability
by Hydrogenation
1st Generation
FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester)
=
O
Transesterification
C-O-CH2
O
3HC
C-O-CH
O
C-O-CH2
Material Oil
(Triglyceride)
O
C-O-CH3
HYD-FAME (Hydrogenated FAME)
[AIST Technology]
=
3HC
C-O-CH3
Hydrogenation
=
3HC
3HC
=
3HC
=
O
Hydro-fining
2nd Generation
BHD (Bio Hydro-fined Diesel)
3HC
CH3
Reaction condition
Nippon Oil : 6MPa, 240-320 degC.
Neste Oil : 6MPa, 300-350 degC.
Properties of Bio Hydro-fined Diesel
Density
Viscosity
15℃
30℃
kg/m3
mm2/sec
100℃
mm2/sec
Cetane Index
Pour Point
Distillation
10%
90%
Sulfur
Total Acid
Number
916
8.6
274
25
40
588
614
<1
12
<1
874
5.5
180
62
20
40
333
359
<1
12
<1
783
4.1
116
98
20
47
272
320
<1
<1
<1
0.12
0.26
0.00
0.00
-
10.40
0.06
0.06
℃
massppm
Oxygen Content
Aromatics
mass%
vol%
Before
accelaration
After
accelaration *
830
3.7
70
58
-15
46
220
335
6
0
19
FAME
℃
MJ/kg
Calorie
Conventional
Diesel Fuel
(Typical)
Palm Oil
℃
Flash Point
Bio
Hydro-fined
Diesel
mgKOH/g
* 115℃，16Hours oxygen blowing
Source : Nippon oil corporation (presentation at 2007 JSAE/SAE
International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting)
Issues and Further steps
Issues and actions for ERIA Project
・ Oxidation stability:
Need to show the evidence of necessity “10 Hr”
JAMA *and AIST check the data
・ Polyunsaturated FAME:
Validation of “Not detected”
JAMA and AIST examine the validation
Proposal for common standards
・ Fix all the specification values by the end of 2007
fiscal year if possible.
・ To cooperate with APEC and ISO/TC28
*:JAMA(Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Inc.)
Thank You
19
Diesel Oil Regulation in Japan
Law on the Quality Control (Diesel oil)
Regulation Item
Sulfur content
Existence
Cetane index
item
T90
FAME content
Triglyceride
Methanol
Additional Total acid number
item
(TAN)
Individual acid*
Oxidation stability
(increment of TAN)
FAME blended
diesel oil
<0.001mass%
>45
<360℃
<5mass%
<0.01mass%
<0.01mass%
<0.001mass%
>45
<360℃
<0.1mass%
<0.01mass%
－
<0.13mgKOH/g
－
<0.003mass%
－
<0.12mgKOH/g
－
Diesel oil
* Total concentration of Formic, Acetic and Propionic acid
20