Transcript Searching for Extra Dimensions in High Energy Cosmic Rays

Searching for Extra
Dimensions in High
Energy Cosmic Rays
Claudio Corianò
Università di Lecce
INFN Sezione di Lecce, Italy
Work in collaboration with
Alessandro Cafarella (Lecce)
Theodore Tomaras (Univ. of Crete)
XIII Intl. Symposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Rays Interactions,
@Nestor Institute, Pylos, Greece, September 6-11, 2004
 Theories with extra dimensions
predict a gravity scale close to the
electroweak scale, say 1 TeV, which can be
accessed at future colliders (even the LHC).
Even more so, in UHECR, we should be able
to cross this (and the supersymmetry) scale
by a large amount. Gravitational and
Supersymmetric effects should appear at
some stage in the dynamics of the extensive
air showers. How? Can we look for specific
signatures and strategies in order to get
ready for possible surprises?
Extra Dimensional models are based on the idea that we
live on a BRANE (a domain wall) immersed in a bigger
space.
String theories live in D=10= 9(space) +1(time) spacetime
dimensions.
ED models assume a spacetime structure in which
p coordinates describe the brane and (9- p) are the
remaining “extra” space coordinates.
These extra coordinates are characterized by a
compactification radius R which can be of a millimeter
(the extra dimensional space is called: the bulk).
Gravity can go into the bulk (ED)
Matter stays on the brane.
The Planck scale we are used to (MPlanck)
is not the true scale for gravity.
There can be, additionally, “Kaluza Klein dimensions”
Example:
D=10 = 9 +1 = (3 +1) + (Nkk) + n
Nkk= Kaluza-Klein dimensions
D= 4 + n
n= number of extra dimensions.
We can have up to n=6 extra dimensions (Nkk=0)
The scale of gravity is lowered (M *) << MPlanck
Gravity becomes strong as soon as we reach M*, which
is the true scale for gravity. It can be of the order of the
electroweak scale (say M* = 1 TeV) .
Gravitational effects which ordinarily occur for very large
masses, say 1.5 times the solar mass, are now possible
at an equivalent energy E > M*
RH = radius of the horizon
(for the Sun is few km)
Example: “squeeze the sun” within a
sphere of about 3 km  you get a BH
For the Earth is few cm
Very High Energy
Neutrinos are the
natural candidates
for mini black hole
formation.
For ED theories an horizon of 10-3 fm
can form if the impact parameter of the
collision is of this order.
Giddings and Thomas,
Nambu
Gravitational schock-waves
Factorization scales.
In pp collisions
it is required larger
center-of-mass energy.
For neutrino primaries
The probability is larger
(ν p collision)
As in top-down models also in BH decay there can be overlap with susy
Effects in the fragmentation (C.C.); (C.C., A Faraggi)
(Sarkar and Toldrà); (Berezinsky, Kachelriess et al.)
Various types of solutions
Schwarzschild (static, uncharged)
Reissner-Nordstrom (static, charged)
Kerr (rotating)
Boyer- Lindquist (rotating and charged)
Large activity on Extra-D black holes in the last 4 years.
Kanti and March-Russel
Anchordoqui, Feng, Shapere
Ahn, Ave, Cavaglià and Olinto
Truly, we need angular momentum and the Kerr solution
should be the starting point of the all analysis.
PHASES in BH DECAY
1) Balding Phase ( loose of hair, charge and other quantum numbers)
2) Spin down phase (from Kerr to Schwarzschild)
3) Schwarzschild phase (semiclassical Hawking description)
4) Planck phase (unknown)
REMARKS:
a) Multiplicities are computed only approximately.
b) There are modifications of various types. For instance a
generalized undetermination principle (GUP) can lower the
multiplicites
c) Issues regarding the presence of a chromosphere in BH
decay (Heckler)
Multiplicities depend on the final
phase of the black hole
(DL= Dimopoulos and Landsberg)
(N(n) Cavaglià, S. Das)
entropy
We have studied the multiplicites and the lateral distributions of the air
showers generated by an incoming high energy cosmic ray and
mediated by the formation of an intermediate black hole
The only way to attack this problem is to use the semiclassical Hawking
Description, where a BH is viewed as a black body emitting thermal
Blackbody radiation with a given characteristic temperature.
Computed greybody factors (i.e.
absorption/emission cross sections of black holes)
analytically and numerically for most cases (with no
angular momentum).
The BH decays into partons and leptons. The partons hadronize as soon as
they cross the horizon.
We use QCD fragmentation functions D(x, Q), evolved to the scale E/N
Uncorrelated decay of the BH into partons: multimonomial distribution
p= decay probabilities
We compute the total probability to produce a hadron h of
a given energy E*h.
Energy is lost also in the bulk.
These are gravitons which escape detection
and the energy which is available for the
Actual fragmentation is lower.
Harris and Kanti
IF the ED scenario is correct, then we should see mini BH
produced at hadron colliders and in cosmic rays. We have
analized the lateral distributions and the
multiplicities of cosmic rays events mediated by the
presence of a resonance of this type.
Larger multiplicities, wider spreading compared to ordinary
events of comparablle characteristics.
Open issues: gravitational emission.
This requires the study of quasi-normal modes of
gravitational perturbations (see Kokkotas’ review)
(which is under investigation for the detection of
gravitational waves from massive black holes )