Transcript Document

MSc PROJECTS
ACADEMIC REFERENCING
Notes from Steven Caterall
Referencing in context
Assignment
Read and
Take Notes
Evidence to
support your
ideas or
argument
• Paraphrase
• Direct
quote
Acknowledge
sources used
• Briefly, in
your text
• In full, at
the end
Outline
 What
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is a reference?
Why reference?
When to reference
How to reference
 Within
your assignment
 At the end of your assignment
What is a Reference?
• A way of showing that you have recognised
another person’s work ideas or opinions and
that you have acknowledged it in your work by
referring to the source.
• This is often called citing a reference.
Why Reference?
• Part of the marking criteria
• Demonstrates your reading & research
• Provides a check against plagiarism
• An acknowledgement that you have borrowed other
people’s ideas, work or opinions
• As an aid to help others trace your information sources
• In order to meet copyright regulations
When to Reference
• When you ‘lift’ material directly from a source
– a book or the Internet
• When you take an idea, theory, argument or
viewpoint from a source that is not your own
• When you summarise or paraphrase another
person’s work
How to Reference
• There are various systems for referencing
• Harvard system (Author/Date) is the most
popular and recommended at the University
• You need to reference in two places:
• Brief details, within the main body of your
assignment
• Full details, at the end of your assignment
How to Reference:
Direct Quotations
AUTHOR, DATE, PAGE NUMBER(S)
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As Brown (2002, p.136) states, “The critical breakthrough was
achieved by Thomas Hunt Morgan.”
• According to Brown (2002, p.136), “The critical
breakthrough was achieved by Thomas Hunt Morgan”
• Thomas Hunt Morgan has recently been described as
achieving “the critical breakthrough” (Brown, 2002, p.136)
Larger quotes (3 lines +): Start quote on new line
and indent. No need to use quotation marks.
Useful verbs and phrases for introducing
direct quotes
• As X states/ believes/ suggests /indicates/ points
out / observes/ explains/ argues/ outlines/
contradicts / proposes, “…….”.
• For example, X has argued that “……”.
• According to X, “…….”.
• X suggests/ believes/ observes that “…..”.
How to reference paraphrases
AUTHOR, DATE
Thomas Hunt Morgan made the connection
between partial linkage and the behaviour of
chromosomes when the nucleus of a cell
divides. This breakthrough was proved to be
critical. (Brown, 2002).
Referencing at the end of your assignment
References or Bibliography – what’s the
difference?
Reference list – a single alphabetical list
by author of everything you have
specifically mentioned in your
assignment
i.e.anything you have cited or
paraphrased from
 Bibliography – a list of sources you have
read but not specifically mentioned in
your assignment
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Reference List
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Ainley, P. (1994). Degrees of Difference. Higher Education in the 1990s. Lawrence and Wishart Ltd. London
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Avis, J. (1997) What’s This Got To Do With What I Do! Contradictory Views: students in further education, Journal of
Vocational Educational and Training. 49. pp. 81-106 in Rhodes, C.. Avis, J. and Somervell, H. (1999) Records of Achievement,
Higher Education and Work: passport or passenger? Research in Post-Compulsory Education, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp.321-329.
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Ball, B. and Butcher, V. (1994) Developing Students’ Career Planning Skills: The impact of the Enterprise in Higher Education
Initiative London: EHEI in Harrison, Roger. (2000). Learner managed learning: managing to learn or learning to manage.
International Journal of Lifelong Learning, Vol, 19, No.4, (July-August 2000), 312-321.
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Clarke, C, (2003). The future of higher education. Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of state for Education and Skills
by Command of Her Majesty January 2003. [Available online at]
http://www.dfes.gov.uk/hegateway/uploads/White%20Pape.pdf [Accessed 31 December 2005]
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Dearing Report The (1997). [Available online at] The Dearing Report, http://www.lifelonglearning.co.uk/dearing/dr3005.htm
[Accessed on 17 November 2005]
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DfES (2002). Education and Skills: The Economic Benefits. [Available online at]
http://www.dfes.gov.uk/economicbenefit/contents.shtml [Accessed 4 January 2006]
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East, R, (2005). A progress report on progress files. The experience of one higher institution. Active Learning in Education,
Vol 6 (2), pp. 160-171. The Education Academy, Sage, London.
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Harrison, R, (2000). Learner managed learning: managing to learn or learning to manage. International Journal of Lifelong
Learning, Vol, 19, No.4, (July-August 2000), 312-321.
Bibliography
Floud, R, (2001) The New Vocational Initiatives - a National Overview Paper given by Professor Roderick Floud, Universities
UK President (2001-2003) at UVAC Annual Conference: The New Vocational Initiatives, St William's College, York on 07
November 2001. [Available online at] http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/speeches/show.asp?sp=45 [Accessed 4 January
2006].
What information do I need to include?
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Name(s) of the Author(s)
Title
When and where it was published
Who published it
Web site address and date you looked at it
Referencing books
Using the title page (not the front cover) note the:
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Author(s) R.R. Jordan (3 or more use ‘et al’)
TitleAcademic writing course
Year of Publication ©
1999
Edition (if not the first)
3rd edition
Place of publication
Harlow
Publisher Pearson Education Limited
Jordan, R. R. (1999) Academic writing course 3rd
ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
Referencing Journal/Magazine Articles
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Author
R Karrer, A Sabharwal, E Knightly
Year of publication 2004
Title of article Enabling large scale wireless broadband
Title of journal ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication
Review
• Volume number (if present) 34
• Part number (if present)
1
• Page number(s)
27-32
Karrer, R et al (2004) ‘Enabling large scale wireless
broadband’ ACM SIGCOMM Computer
Communication Review, vol. 34, part 1: pp27-32.
Referencing a Web site
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Author/editor/organisation
Year written (or last updated)
Title
URL
Date you accessed it
Under no circumstances should there be a ‘No
author’ or Anon
For future reference, print and keep a
copy of the web site
URL
Date Accessed
Title
Author
Black, A. (no date) About: user-centred design [online]
Available at: <http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/webdav/
servlet/ XRM?Page /@id=6004&Session/@id=D_5Up2J
QoC81Bf6PCdwWey&Section/@id=1272> [Accessed 28
November 2003]
More Examples
The Center for Internet security (2005) CIS benchmark for
wireless infrastructure [online] Available at:
<http://www.cisecurity.org/bench_wireless.html>
[Accessed 2 November 2005]
Russell, K. (2005) ‘Podcasting’ Computerworld, vol. 39,
issue 44: pp34-44
Liberty, J. (2005) Programming Visual Basic. Farnham.
O’Reilly
Referencing – More Important Points
• Including web sites details – Always re-format
• Links – Not a reference
• Distinguish between sources – hard copy; electronic and hard
copy available electronically– all referenced differently
• Sources other than text - statistics, graphics, drawings, music,
programming language etc.or any other type of information
that does not comprise common knowledge.
• Referencing newer and more obscure sources
A suggestion for referencing code
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/**
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* <p>Title: IntArray</p>
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* <p>Description: JNI example code modified from the Beth Stearn's Book</p>
* Original code (Page 881 in Book. also on CD)
* The Java Tutorial Continued - The Rest of the JDK,
* Mary Campione,Kathy Walruth, Alison Huml, Tutorial Team,
* Addison Wesley Longman, 2204.
* Page 625 Java Native Interface by Beth Stearns.
* Integrating Native Code and Java Programs. Sun Microsystems Inc.
* http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/native1.1/index.html
* (Now out of date)
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* Can now down load examples from (accessed 11 October 2009)
* http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jni/
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* General Reference
* http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/
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* <p>Company: Informatics</p>
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* @author G O'Rilla
* @version 0.1
* Tuesday, 29 September 2009
*/
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#include <jni.h>
#include "array_IntArray.h"
#include "IntArray.h"
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::endl; //Java_jarray_IntArray_sumArray - function name in jni .h generated file
//JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL Java_jarray_IntArray_sumArray( JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jintArray arr ) {
JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL Java_array_IntArray_sumArray ( JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jintArray arr ) {
// jsize len = (*env)->GetArrayLength(env, arr); // 'C' version
jsize len = (env)->GetArrayLength( arr ); //C++
int i = 0;
int sum = 0;
// jint *body = (*env)->GetIntArrayElements(env, arr, 0); // 'C' version
jint *body = (env)->GetIntArrayElements( arr, 0); // C++
for( i=0; i < len; i++ ) {
sum += body[i];
}
sum = IntArray::sumArray( (int *)body, (int)len ); // Can not use arr here
/** This conversion also works if the above casts fail.
int length = len;
cout << "Length of array is: " << length << endl;
int local[length];
for( int j = 0; j < length; ++j ) {
local[j] = body[j];
}
sum = IntArray::sumArray( local, length );
*/
// (*env)->ReleaseIntArrayElements(env, arr, body, 0);// 'C'
(env)->ReleaseIntArrayElements( arr, body, 0); // C++
return sum;
}
Citation Tools : Perspectives & Issues
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LaTeX – Document Preparation System
BibTeX – Bibliographical Management System
MikTeX - Typesetting System for Microsoft Windows
End Notes – University recommended – Campus wide
availability
• Zotero – Popular with Academic Skills Tutors -Plugin to
support Harvard Referencing
• Microsoft 2007 Vista – Does not support Harvard Referencing
Plagiarism
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Reproducing or paraphrasing published material without
acknowledgement of the source
Presenting information from electronic sources, such as the
internet, without acknowledgement of the source
Passing off others theories; ideas; designs; inventions and
creative work as your own
Copying from the work of another student
Undeclared collusion with another student
Getting someone else to do your work for you
Avoiding plagiarism
In order to avoid plagiarism, you must give credit when:
• You use another person's ideas, opinions, or theories.
• You use facts, statistics, graphics, drawings, music,
programming language etc.,or any other type of information
that does not comprise common knowledge.
• You use quotations from another person's spoken or written
word.
• You paraphrase another person's spoken or written word.
Academic Misconduct Issues
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Academic Conduct Officers
Academic Misconduct Procedure
Referencing & Plagiarism test
Turn it in
University of Huddersfield :Student’s Handbook of
Regulations: September 2009 Section 4 and Appendix E3.11
Academic Misconduct ( including cheating and plagiarism) at:
http://www2.hud.ac.uk/shared/shared_regwg/docs/regulations
_handbooks/studentshandbook/september2009.pdf
Sources of Help: Computing & Library
Website
• www2.hud.ac.uk/cls/library/gethelp/docs/
Referencing.pdf
Electronic version of Referencing Handbook
• www.hud.ac.uk/cls/library/infoskills/step10.php
• This includes:
– PowerPoint guides on referencing & plagiarism
– PowerPoint guides on using citation tools such as
End Notes and an electronic version of the
referencing Handbook
Sources of Help: Books
Books on Referencing
• Pears, R & Shields, G, (2008) Cite Them Right,
Pear Tree Books, Newcastle upon Tyne
• Neville, C, (2007)The Complete Guide to
Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism, Open
University Press & McGraw Hill, Maidenhead
Other sources of help on plagiarism
• Plagiarism Advisory Service
– www.plagiarismadvice.org/
• Plagiarism Detection Service
– www.submit.ac.uk
• Some useful websites dealing with plagiarism
– www.indiana.edu/~tedfrick/plagiarism/
– http://www.essex.ac.uk/plagiarism/test1.html