Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - The Deep Underground Science …

Bernard Sadoulet
Dept. of Physics /LBNL UC Berkeley
UC Institute for Nuclear and Particle
Astrophysics and Cosmology (INPAC)
The Deep Underground Science and
Engineering Laboratory
History and process
The science
Infrastructure requirement
Implementation
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Motivations
The DUSEL Process
Early 1980’s first investigation (Nevada, San Jancinto)
2000 Renewed interest in a US Deep Underground Science Laboratory
 Rapid expansion of Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics
 Potential availability of Homestake on a short time scale
Strong scientific support. A number of reports.
Recent realization that such a facility would bring tremendous
opportunities to earth sciences, biology and engineering: DUSEL
March 2004: New process put in place by NSF
Solicitation 1: Community wide study of
• Scientific roadmap: from Nuclear/Particle/Astro Physics to Geo
Physics/Chemistry/Microbiology/Engineering
• Generic infrastructure requirements
Solicitation 2 : Pre-selection of 3-5 sites
• Proposals due February 28 2005
Solicitation 3
Selection of initial site(s)
MRE and Presidential Budget (optimistically in 09)
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Site Independent Goals
The best scientific case for DUSEL
The big questions
Roadmaps of class A+ experiments
Long term needs
Implementation parameters
Infrastructure requirements
 Modules (set of experiments sharing same infrastructure needs)
Generic management structure
Integration of science and education and involvement of local population
International context
Identify strategic aspects of a U.S. facility
Estimation of the space needs for first two decades
=>Build up common language, consensus and synergies
clearly happening already (3 workshops)
Deliverables by summer 05
Printed report directed at generalists
Agencies
OMB/OSTP/Congress
cf. Quantum Universe
+Web based reports with technical facts
for scientists and programs monitors
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Process
6 PI’s responsible for the study
in particular scientific quality/ objectivity
Bernard Sadoulet, UC Berkeley, Astrophysics/Cosmology
Hamish Robertson, U. Washington, Nuclear Physics
Eugene Beie,r U. of Pennsylvania, Particle Physics
Charles Fairhurst, U. of Minnesota, geology/engineering
Tullis Onstott, Princeton, geomicrobiology
James Tiedje, Michigan State, microbiology
14 working groups + Workshops
Infrastructure requirements/management
Education and outreach
2 consultation groups
• The site consultation group (Solicitation 2 sites)
Endorsement of the PI’s and general approach
Input on scientific/technical questions important to the sites
Competition between sites
• The initiative coordination group: major stakeholders (e.g. National
Labs)
Coordination with other major initiatives
Major facilitator of involvement of other agencies
External review à la NRC
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Status/Plans
See www.dusel.org
3 workshops
Berkeley Aug 04: mutual discovery of Physics and Earth Sciences
Blacksburg Nov 04: big questions in Earth Sciences
Boulder Jan 05: fundamental biology, international aspects
common language, modules, schedule
Methodology
Infrastructure matrices
Survey of the demand for DUSEL 1st decade and 2nd decade
Rescaling for likely evolution of community and budgets
 Start real work from working groups
after Feb 28
 Final workshop in DC area ≈July 15
General discussion of a draft of overall report
Information of agency people
 August-September
Convergence on wording
External review
 Glossy report fall 05
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Major Questions in Physics (1)
What are the properties of the neutrinos?
Are neutrinos their own antiparticle? The answer to this question is a key
ingredient in the formulation of a new ``Standard Model'', and can only be
obtained by the study of neutrinoless double beta decay.
What is the remaining, and presently unknown, mixing angle q13 between
neutrino mass eigenstates?
What is the hierarchy of masses?
Is there significant violation of the CP symmetry among the neutrinos?
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Double beta decay
Many new experiments
gearing up to test this claim
and go beyond it…
Major US efforts
Majorana expt- 500 kg Ge76
(86%)
EXO - 1-ton LXe TPC
Majorana Experiment
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Major Questions in Physics (1)
What are the properties of the neutrinos?
Are neutrinos their own antiparticle? The answer to this question is a key
ingredient in the formulation of a new ``Standard Model'', and can only be
obtained by the study of neutrinoless double beta decay.
What is the remaining, and presently unknown, mixing angle q13 between
neutrino mass eigenstates?
What is the hierarchy of masses?
Is there significant violation of the CP symmetry among the neutrinos?
Do protons decay?
It is expected that baryonic matter is unstable at some level and the lifetime
for proton decay is a hallmark of theories beyond the Standard Model.
These questions relate immediately to the completion of our understanding of
particle and nuclear physics, and to the mystery of why the universe
contains much more matter than antimatter.
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Nucleon decay & long-baseline 
LANNDD - Liquid Argon
Neutrino and Nucleon
Decay Detector
Large multipurpose detectors
Long-baseline neutrinos
Proton decay
Supernova observatory
UNO: ~20 SuperK (fid.)
Water cherenkov
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Major Questions in Physics (2)
What is the nature of the dark matter in the
universe?
Is it comprised of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) of a type
not presently known, but predicted by theories such as Supersymmetry?
Goal: observe both in the cosmos and the laboratory (LHC,ILC)
.
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Large mass WIMP detectors
Cryogenic Detectors
CDMS II, EDELWEISS II, CRESST II
Similar reach with complementary
assets
Xenon
Low pressure TPC
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Major Questions in Physics (2)
What is the nature of the dark matter in the
universe?
Is it comprised of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) of a type
not presently known, but predicted by theories such as Supersymmetry?
Goal: observe both in the cosmos and the laboratory (LHC,ILC)
.
What is the low-energy spectrum of neutrinos
from the sun?
Solar neutrinos have been important in providing new information not only
about the sun but also about the fundamental properties of neutrinos.
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Solar neutrinos
Possible future US
Program:
Heron - rotons in LHe
Clean - scintillation in LNe
LENS - liquid scintillator
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Physics
needs low
cosmicray rates
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Subsurface Geoscience
How are the Underground Processes Changing
the Earth
How does the rock flows and cracks at depth?
Fundamental Processes at Depth
How are the coupled Hydro-Thermal-Mechanical-Chemical-Biological
(HTMCB) processes in fractured rock masses vary as function of the
physical and time scales involved. Cannot be done in laboratory!
Transparent Earth
Can progress in geophysical sensing methods and computational advances
be applied to make the earth transparent, i.e. to ‘see’ real-time
interaction of processes and their consequences in the solid earth?
Relationships between surface measurements and subsurface
deformations and stresses
How does the Earth Crust Move?
– What controls the onset and propagation of seismic slip on a fault?
– How are surface deformations and stresses related to their subsurface
counterparts, and to tectonic plate motions?
– Can earthquake slip be predicted; can it be controlled?
Need for long term access as deep as possible
Observatories in particular at largest depth
Laboratories where we can act on the rock
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Rock Mass Strength-Unknown
Forc e
“We don’t know the rock mass strength. That is why we need an International Society” Muller, 24 May 1962
Rock mass
rm
D ef o
atio n
Single joint
Intact block
Force
SIZE
Tim
Localization and
disintegration
Continuum
mechanic s
Ela sticity
5
Plasticity
Decreasing
deformation
rat e
2
~1
06
Ela stic unloading
Damage
mechanics
Maximum
design
force
e[
10
yea
rs
]
TIME
Energy excess
(Seismic
deformation)
4
1
2
3
Energy deficit
(Aseismic
deforma tion)
Deformation
Complete Load-Deformation Behavior
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Correlation Surface -Underground
Satellite
(GPS, etc.)
Above ground
• Earthscope
• Surface-based geophysics
• Surface-underground experiments (e.g., drilling)
Surface strain network
Underground
DUSEL
Subsurface
geophysics
(imaging)
Tectonic
Strain
Joint slip tests
In situ
stress
Correlation of above-ground and underground observations
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Induced Fracture Processes
Laboratory
Evaluate and refine models of
fracture initiation and
propagation
Resource recovery
CO2 sequestration
Waste isolation
Examine effects on proximal
fluid flow and transport
including proppants
Wellbore interaction effects
Pressure solution in fractures
Examine roles of different
propellants
Examine roles of fractures in
bacterial colonization
Examine the long-term
stability and durability of
underground openings
http://www.earthlab.org/
Courtesy of Derek Ellsworth
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Deep Coupled Processes Laboratory
Characterize coupled-processes
that affect critical
environmental engineering,
and complex subsurface
Earth processes
CO2 sequestration
Waste isolation
In situ mining
Mineralization and ore body
formation
Characterize coupled processes
under ambient conditions
Chemical fate and transport
including
dissolution/precipitation and
modification of mechanical
and transport parameters
Multiphase flow and transport
Microbial colonization
http://www.earthlab.org/
Courtesy of Derek Ellsworth
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Subsurface GeoEngineering
Importance for a number of applications
– groundwater flow;
– contaminant transport;
– long-term isolation of hazardous and toxic wastes, carbon
sequestration and hydrocarbon storage underground
– ore forming processes;
– energetic slip on faults and fractures; stability of underground
excavations;
Mastery of the rock
What are the limits to large stable excavations at depth?
Currently:
Petroleum boreholes;
0.1m Ø. at 10km
Mine shafts
5m Ø
at 4km.
DUSEL physics excavations
10-40m Ø at 1-3km
Resources
Origin
Discovery
Exploitation
Sequestration
Need for long term access
as deep as possible
DUSEL nearly unique in the world
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What will we need to do better in 20 years?
Grand Challenges…..
Resource Recovery
Locate resource
Access quickly and at low cost
Recover 100% resource at chosen timescale
No negative environmental effect
Waste Containment/Disposal
Characterize host at high resolution
Access and inter quickly at low cost
Inter completely or define fugitive concentration
output with time
Underground Construction
Characterize inexpensively at high resolution
Excavate quickly and inexpensively
Provide minimum support for maximum design life
………………
Courtesy of Derek Ellsworth
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Major Questions in Geomicrobiology
How does the interplay between biology and geology
shape the subsurface? Role of microbes in HTMCB
How deeply does life extend into the Earth?
What are the lower limits of life in the biosphere? What is the
temperature barrier, the influence of pressure, the interplay of energy
restrictions with the above? The subsurface biomass may be the most
extensive on earth but samples so far are too few.
What fuels the deep biosphere?
Do deep microbial ecosystems exist that are dependent upon
geochemically generated energy sources ("geogas": H2, CH4, etc.) and
independent from photosynthesis. How do such systems function, their
members interact to sustain the livelihood?
Need for long term access as deep as possible
In many cases need horizontal probes (pressure)
Deeper bores
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Variation of Life with Depth
Cells/ml or Cells/g
101
0
103
105
107
1
Depth (km)
2
3
4
?
5
S. African data +
Onstott et al. 1998
6
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Fig. 2 of Earthlab report
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Major Questions in Biology
What can we learn on evolution and genome dynamics?
Microbes may have been isolated from the surface gene pool for very long
periods of time. Can we observe ancient life?
How different are this dark life from microbes on the surface?
Unexpected and biotechnologically useful enzymes?
How do they evolve with very low population density, extremely low
metabolism rate and high longevity? Role of Phages
Did life on the earth's surface come from underground?
Does the deep subsurface harbor primitive life processes today?
Has the subsurface acted as refuge during extinctions.
What "signs of subsurface life" should we search for on Mars?
Is there dark life as we don't know it?
Does unique biochemistry, e.g. non-nucleic acid based, and molecular
signatures exist in isolated subsurface niches?
Requires systematic sampling at various depths
Attention to contamination issues
Long term observation in their own environment
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Answers require DUSEL (1)
Very Deep: 6000 mwe
of rock):
(meters water equivalent, about the same as feet
–
–
–
-
Double beta decay
Solar neutrinos
Dark matter detectors (may be 4000 mwe)
Construction technology for deep waste sequestration
Monitor and relate surface deformations and stresses to their
subsurface counterparts.
– Determine processes controlling maximum depth of subsurface
biosphere and perhaps discover life not as we know it.
– Access to high ambient temperature and stress similar to seismogenic
zone for in situ HTCMB experiments.
+ Intermediate depths: automatic
–
–
–
–
–
Some solar neutrinos
Radioactive screening/prototyping
Fabrication+ Assembly area
Construction technology for modest depth applications
Monitor and relate surface deformations and stresses to their
subsurface counterparts.
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Answers require DUSEL (2)
Very Large Caverns (1,000,000 m3) at 2000-4000
mwe
– Proton decay
– Long-baseline neutrino physics (q13, masses, CP)
- 3D +time monitoring of deformation at space and time scale
intermediate between bench-tops and tectonic plates.
Very Large Block Experiments: (100x100x100 m3)
spanning the whole depth range
– HTCMB experiments under in situ conditions in pristine
environment over multiple correlation lengths with mass and
energy balance.
– ‘See’ real-time interaction of HTCMB processes using geophysical
and computational advances and MINE–BACK to validate imaging.
– Perform sequestration studies and observe interaction with
surface bio-, hydro- and atmosphere
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Exciting Science and Engineering
Compelling questions: A snap shot
Neutrinos, Dark Matter, Stability of Matter
The Ever Changing Earth: Fundamental Processes and Tectonics
Transparent Earth, Mastery of the Rock, Resources
The exploration of subsurface biosphere: limits, metabolism, role in
geological processes
New questions on origins, evolution and biochemistry diversity
Multidisciplinary
Not just a juxtaposition for political convenience
Clarity about differences: e.g. earth scientists prefer variety of sites including hard
rock and sedimentary if possible ≠ physicists
Learning how to live together: e.g. tracers in water used for exploratory drilling, rock
deformation laboratories far from observatories
Overlap of questions: between fields and between fundamental and applied
Multidisciplinary approaches: e.g. geo-micro-biologists
New Synergies
Instrumentation of the rock prior to construction of physics cavities
Low radioactivity methods, instrumentation, data acquisition
Marvelous education and outreach opportunity
Training of a new generation of multidiciplinary scientists and engineers
Exciting the imagination of K-12 students (Bio+Earth+Physics+Astronomy)
Involvement of local population (often Native Americans)
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Science-Methods-Applications
Ever Changing Earth
Fundamental processes
Role of microbes
Tectonics/Seismology
Resources
Origin
Discovery
Exploitation
Transparent Earth
Remote Characterization
Surface-> subsurface
Overlap is testimony of the richness of the field
Opportunity for multiple advocacy
NSF-DOE- Congress - Industry
Experts-other scientists- Public at large
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International Aspects
International Science and Engineering !
Not only in physics and astronomy
But also: geo sciences (relationships with URL)
geo-microbiology is a new frontier
Strategic advantage of a U.S. DUSEL
A premier facility on U.S. soil will
• more readily put U.S. teams at core of major projects
• attract the most exciting projects
• maximize impact on training of scientists and engineers + public
However we should check our intuition that there is enough demand
DUSEL complementary to other major U.S. initiatives
• e.g. Earth-Scope, Secure Earth
An existing infrastructure could be a major asset in competition for
proton decay/neutrino detector
At same time, considerable flexibility available in
implementation
To conform with evolution of science, budget realities, and
international Mega-Science coordination
• Excavate as we go (≠ Gran Sasso)
• Single site or multiple sites (in which case common management)
• Modules which can be deployed independently (in time or space)
e.g. Deep vs Large cavity
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